The global COVID-19 pandemic has attracted considerable attention toward innovative methods and technologies for suppressing the spread of viruses. Transmission via contaminated surfaces has been recognized as an important route for spreading SARS-CoV-2. Although significant efforts have been made to develop antibacterial surface coatings, the literature remains scarce for a systematic study on broad-range antiviral coatings. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the antiviral materials and coatings that could be implemented for suppressing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 via contaminated surfaces. We discuss the mechanism of operation and effectivity of several types of inorganic and organic materials, in the bulk and nanomaterial form, and assess the possibility of implementing these as antiviral coatings. Toxicity and environmental concerns are also discussed for the presented approaches. Finally, we present future perspectives with regards to emerging antimicrobial technologies such as omniphobic surfaces and assess their potential in suppressing surface-mediated virus transfer. Although some of these emerging technologies have not yet been tested directly as antiviral coatings, they hold great potential for designing the next generation of antiviral surfaces.

Food safety is a major factor affecting public health and the well-being of society. A possible solution to control food-borne illnesses is through real-time monitoring of the food quality throughout the food supply chain. The development of emerging technologies, such as active and intelligent packaging, has been greatly accelerated in recent years, with a focus on informing consumers about food quality. Advances in the fields of sensors and biosensors has enabled the development of new materials, devices, and multifunctional sensing systems to monitor the quality of food. In this Review, we place the focus on an in-depth summary of the recent technological advances that hold the potential for being incorporated into food packaging to ensure food quality, safety, or monitoring of spoilage. These advanced sensing systems usually target monitoring gas production, humidity, temperature, and microorganisms' growth within packaged food. The implementation of portable and simple-to-use hand-held devices is also discussed in this Review. We highlight the mechanical and optical properties of current materials and systems, along with various limitations associated with each device. The technologies discussed here hold great potential for applications in food packaging and bring us one step closer to enable real-time monitoring of food throughout the supply chain.

Healthcare acquired infections are a major human health problem, and are becoming increasingly troublesome with the emergence of drug resistant bacteria. Engineered surfaces that reduce the adhesion, proliferation, and spread of bacteria have promise as a mean of preventing infections and reducing the use of antibiotics. To address this need, we created a flexible plastic wrap that combines a hierarchical wrinkled structure with chemical functionalization to reduce bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, and the transfer of bacteria through an intermediate surface. These hierarchical wraps were effective for reducing biofilm formation of World Health Organization-designated priority pathogens Gram positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa by 87 and 84%, respectively. In addition, these surfaces remain free of bacteria after being touched by a contaminated surface with Gram negative E. coli. We showed that these properties are the result of broad liquid repellency of the engineered surfaces and the presence of reduced anchor points for bacterial adhesion on the hierarchical structure. Such wraps are fabricated using scalable bottom-up techniques and form an effective cover on a variety of complex objects, making them superior to top-down and substrate-specific surface modification methods.

Lubricant-infused omniphobic surfaces have exhibited outstanding effectiveness in inhibiting nonspecific adhesion and attenuating superimposed clot formation compared with other coated surfaces. However, such surfaces blindly thwart adhesion, which is troublesome for applications that rely on targeted adhesion. Here we introduce a new class of lubricant-infused surfaces that offer tunable bioactivity together with omniphobic properties by integrating biofunctional domains into the lubricantinfused layer. These novel surfaces promote targeted binding of desired species while simultaneously preventing nonspecific adhesion. To develop these surfaces, mixed selfassembled monolayers (SAMs) of aminosilanes and fluorosilanes were generated. Aminosilanes were utilized as coupling molecules for immobilizing capture ligands, and nonspecific adhesion of cells and proteins was prevented by infiltrating the fluorosilane molecules with a thin layer of a biocompatible fluorocarbon-based lubricant, thus generating biofunctional lubricant-infused surfaces. This method yields surfaces that (a) exhibit highly tunable binding of anti-CD34 and anti-CD144 antibodies and adhesion of endothelial cells, while repelling nonspecific adhesion of undesirable proteins and cells not only in buffer but also in human plasma or human whole blood, and (b) attenuate blood clot formation. Therefore, this straightforward and simple method creates biofunctional, nonsticky surfaces that can be used to optimize the performance of devices such as biomedical implants, extracorporeal circuits, and biosensors.

Micropatterned lubricant-infused biofunctional surfaces exhibit biofunctionality and omniphobicity simultaneously which leads to targeted cell attachment and alignment, both in surfaces and in microfluidic devices.

agents, [7-12] or changing the surface charge, wettability, chemical affinity, and hydrophilicity. [13-17] Anticoagulants such as heparin have been widely used as coatings on biomedical devices to overcome these adverse effects. [18] Heparin-coated surfaces typically operate through either the release of heparin into the bloodstream for inhibiting clotting in the vicinity of the device surface or reducing coagulation via immobilized heparin on the surface of the device. Anticoagulant coatings fail over time due to leaching and the loss of anticoagulant activity. Furthermore, the administration of anticoagulants (e.g., heparin) both as a coating and a chronic medication, enters the bloodstream, elevating the risk of life-threatening heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, reported to occur in 1-5% of surgical patients. [19] Recently, omniphobic coatings have been introduced on the surface of biomedical devices for reducing biofouling and the resultant blood coagulation, [20-29] while minimizing the administration of anticoagulants. [30] Liquid-infused surfaces are one of the recent classes of omniphobic surfaces which have shown to significantly suppress biofouling and thrombosis with their performances surpassing previous anticoagulant based strategies in terms of longevity under blood flow and anti-biofouling ability. [20-25,27-30] However, in order for these surfaces to sustain their omniphobic and repellent properties, the lubricant layer must be stable on the surfaces, making them difficult to use in open-air applications where the lubricant is susceptible to evaporation. [31] Another class of omniphobic surfaces is those with structural modifications wherein the micro-and nano-scale topography of the surface provides omniphobic properties. Through the formation of micro, nano, and hierarchical structures, air pockets are trapped within the features, leading to the formation of a Cassie wetting state, which reduces the apparent surface energy seen by liquids, [32] resulting in elevated contact angles (CA) and low sliding angles (SA) which lead to omniphobicity. [32] Additionally, the formation of the Cassie state reduces the effective surface area to which platelets and proteins in the blood can bind to, and decreases shear stress at the surfaces reducing platelet adhesion. These two effects reduce the number of nucleation sights for thrombin generation. [33] Hydrophilic polymer surfaces Liquid repellant surfaces have been shown to play a vital role for eliminating thrombosis on medical devices, minimizing blood contamination on common surfaces as well as preventing non-specific adhesion. Herein, an all solution-based, easily scalable method for producing liquid repellant flexible films, fabricated through nanoparticle deposition and heat-induced thin film wrinkling that suppress blood adhesion, and clot formation is reported. Furthermore, superhydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces are combined onto the same substrate using a facile streamlined process. The patterned superhydrophobic/hydrophilic surfaces show select...

The high photocatalytic power of TiO2 nanoparticles has drawn great attention in environmental and medical applications. Coating surfaces with these particles enables us to benefit from self-cleaning properties and decomposition of pollutants. In this paper, two strategies have been introduced to coat ceramic tiles with TiO2 nanoparticles, and the self-cleaning effect of the surfaces on degradation of an organic dye under ultraviolent (UV) exposure is investigated. In the first approach, a simple one-step heat treatment method is introduced for coating, and different parameters of the heat treatment process are examined. In the second method, TiO2 nanoparticles are first aminosilanized using (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) treatment followed by their covalently attachment onto CO2 plasma treated ceramic tiles via N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) chemistry. We monitor TiO2 nanoparticle sizes throughout the coating process using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and characterize developed surfaces using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Moreover, hydrophilicity of the coated surfaces is quantified using a contact angle measurement. It is shown that applying a one-step heat treatment process with the optimum temperature of 200 °C for 5 h results in successful coating of nanoparticles and rapid degradation of dye in a short time. In the second strategy, the APTES treatment creates a stable covalent coating, while the photocatalytic capability of the particles is preserved. The results show that coated ceramic tiles are capable of fully degrading the added dyes under UV exposure in less than 24 h.

structure to implement anti-wetting, self-cleaning, [5][6][7][8][9][10] anti-freezing, anti-fogging, [11] anti-microbial, [12][13][14] anti-thrombogenic, [15][16][17] corrosion resistant, [18][19][20][21][22][23] and droplet manipulating [9,[24][25][26][27][28][29] materials. Such functional materials are used as breathable wearables for protection from chemicals and oil spills, [30] aviation to prevent large amounts of adherent ice, [29] oil pipelines to resist corrosion, cultural relics restoration, [31] separation membranes and janus membranes for advanced oilwater separation, [39,40] healthcare devices and medical implants to prevent infection, [41] and self-cleaning of glass materials such as solar cells and mobile devices. [42]