Two populations of Aphanius sophiae from two different habitats (one in a spring with stable environmental conditions and the other in a river with variable conditions) were examined to determine whether these conditions elicit differences in life history traits. Age composition revealed that females from the spring live longer. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters showed that L(¥) in the river population was higher than in the spring population. GSI showed a shorter reproduction period in A. sophiae from the river system. Egg diameter was significantly larger in the spring population. These results confirm the hypothesis of the response of killifish to local selective pressures in different habitats through adaptations via changes in the duration of the reproductive period, egg diameter, size changes, age composition and growth rate.
Summary1. Structural complexity, that is, spatial patterns of structural 'units of interest', is one of the most fundamental drivers in habitat use of animals and other functions of habitats. Assessment of habitat structural complexity (e.g. mangrove root complexity) and its ecological implications (e.g. mangroves as nursery sites) has, however, been hampered by the lack of satisfactory methods for realistically measuring and analysing field habitat structure. 2. We demonstrate a simple low-cost approach comprising an RGB_D scanning sensor (Kinect), free and readily accessible software (Meshlab, Matlab (or Octave), Qubicle Constructor and Voxeliser) and fractal dimension to measure mangrove root structure and complexity at spatial scales relevant to juvenile fish use of the habitat. The cube-counting method was used for three-dimensional characterisation of fractal dimensions of space around aerial roots of mangroves from a 'fish point of view'. Space-fish relationship under different ecological situations was assessed by simulating a falling tide and using different rectangular prisms to represent varying fish allometries utilizing the space. 3. Fractal dimension (FD) of space around roots decreased with decreasing height of the 'object' mimicking a falling tide. The same root system may therefore look more complex to aquatic animals as the water level decreases. We also assessed the variation in FD responding to manipulation of the density and arrangement of objects (pneumatophores). Difference in FD was generally small, due attention to replication is necessary for comparisons of habitat structural complexity using this metric. 4. This simple low-cost approach will enable field measurements of habitat structure at spatial scales relevant to its influence on habitat use and animal behaviour, as well as allowing realistic replication of field structure for laboratory-based experiments.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman jenis burung pada perkebunan kopi di Kecamatan Bener Kelipah Kabupaten Bener Meriah Provinsi Aceh. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode titik hitung dengan metode line transek. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah burung yang terdapat diseluruh lokasi penelitian, sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah burung yang terdapat pada setiap titik pengamatan. Pengamatannya dilakukan dengan cara melakukan pencatatan jenis burung pada setiap titik pengamatan selama 20 menit. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan rumus Shannon-Wiener. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa; jumlah jenis burung yang terdapat pada perkebunan kopi di Kecamatan Bener Kelipah Kabupaten Bener Meriah adalah 12 jenis burung dari 9 familia. Keanekaragaman jenis burung pada perkebunan kopi di Kecamatan Bener Kelipah Kabupaten Bener Meriah tergolong rendah. Hal tersebut ditandai dengan indeks keanekaragaman burung Ĥ= 1, 1958. Melihat keanekaragaman jenis burung yang terdapat di kawasan Kecamatan Bener Kelipah Kabupaten Bener Meriah Provinsi Aceh tergolong rendah, maka perlu dilakukan upaya konservasi dan revegatasi pada kawasan perkebunan kopi sehingga kondisi vegetasi tumbuhan pada kawasan tersebut lebih heterogen sehingga dapat memperbaiki kondisi keanekaragaman burung pada kawasan tersebut.
Kata Kunci: Keanekaragaman burung, Perkebunan Kopi dan Kecamatan Bener Kelipah
This study aimed at finding out the diversity of birds in coffee plantation in Bener Kelipah Sub district, Bener Meriah Regency of Aceh Province. This study used point counts and line transect method. The population of this study was all birds in the location of the study. The samples were birds found at the observation spots. Observation was conducted by recording all types of bird found at the observation spots for 20 minutes. Data were analyzed by using Shannon-Wiener Formula. The results of the study showed that there were 12 types of bird from 9 families in the coffee plantation of Bener Kelipah Sub district, Bener Meriah Regency. The diversity of birds in the area was in low category since the bird diversity index (Ĥ) was 1, 1958. Therefore, conservation and revegetation are needed in the coffee plantation in order to create more heterogenic vegetation in the area so that it will improve the diversity of birds there.
Keywords: Bird, Diversity, Coffee Plantation
Lhoknga subdistrict is an area that has a habitat for many species of fauna, including birds. References about species of birds in some habitats are still very limited. Therefore, it is necessary to make a research on bird species in several types of habitat in the district of Lhoknga. The aim of the research is to figure out birds species in several types of habitats in the Lhoknga subdistrict. The data were collected by using the point count method and line transects. The results showed that there were 39 species of birds from 21 families found in Lhoknga district. Based on the PP. No. 07 of 1999, it was found that there were 14 species of protected birds in Lhoknga subdistrict.
The thermo-hydraulic characteristics of anatase titanium dioxide dispersed into distilled water with particle concentration of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 vol.% were investigated experimentally in this work. The influence of rheological behavior on hydrodynamic and convective heat transfer characteristics was evaluated under both laminar and turbulent flow conditions in a plain conduit and with twisted tape insert for twist ratio of 7. The nanofluids exhibited a strong shear-thinning behavior at low shear rate particularly higher particle concentration. The non-Newtonian titania nanofluids have also demonstrated a drag reduction phenomena in turbulent flow. At equal Reynolds number, the values of performance evaluation criterion in a conduit inserted a twisted tape were lower than those of in a plain conduit. It implies the unfavourable energy budget for twisted tape insert. The convective heat transfer coefficient does not gradually enhance with an increase of particle concentration. The flow features due mainly to the rheology of colloidal dispersions might be a reason for this phenomenon.
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