Background: According to the increasing incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), this study aimed to investigate the effect of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) transplantation on passive avoidance memory and neuroinflammation in trimethyltin (TMT)-induced AD rat model. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 18 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: the control that rats received 8 mg/kg TMT plus 0.5 ml phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and TMT+DPSCs (TMT + 1×106 cells/ml DPSC in 0.5 ml PBS) groups. Then, after one month, passive avoidance test was performed. Also measured the Nuclear Factor Kappa-β (NF-Kβ) serum level and the percentage of damaged neurons in the hippocampus were determined. Results: DPSCs transplantation showed significantly increased step-through latency to the dark compartment in comparison with control and TMT+PBS groups in 24 hours after shock. Also, time spent in the dark compartment of TMT+DPSCs significantly decreased compared to control and TMT+PBS groups in 24 and 48 hours after shock (P<0.05). Furthermore, DPSCs transplantation significantly decreased the NF-Kβ serum level and percentage of damaged pyramidal neurons of CA1 compared with TMT+PBS (P<0.05). Conclusion: DPSCs transplantation improved memory and learning, regulated NF-Kβ serum level, and decreased damage neurons of CA1 hippocampus in TMT-induced AD rat model.
Background and Objectives: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia. The characteristics of this disease are amnesia, cognitive and verbal disorders, memory deficit, paranoia, depression, and anxiety. In this study, the alterations of cognitive-behavioral and nuclear factor kappa (NF-κ) factor, were investigated following the xenogenic transplantation of human dental pulp of stem cells on the AD animal model. Methods: In this experimental study, 18 male Wistar rats (weighing 200±20g), were used. The animals were randomly divided into three groups of 6 each: control (without any treatment), sham (TMT+PBS), and experimental (TMT+DPSCs). The experimental and sham groups received trimethyltin (TMT) intraperitoneally (dose, 8mg/kg bw). Then, the anxiety level, working and spatial memory, were assessed with Elevated Plus and Y Maze tests. Also, the level of NF-κ was assessed using ELISA method. Results: Intraperitoneal administration of TMT caused a significant increase (p<0.05) in the time spent in closed arm of the elevated plus maze and a significant decrease in the alteration behavior and spatial memory in the sham group compared to the control group. On the other hand, following stem cell transplantation, a significant decrease was observed in the anxiety level and working and spatial memory in the experimental group compared to the sham group. Also, the NF-κ level significantly increased in the sham group in comparison with the control and experimental groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Xenogenic transplantation of the human dental pulp stem cells has an improvement effect on the symptoms of AD. Thus, transplantation of this stem cells line is promising for the treatment of cognitive and psychological diseases.
In recent years, stem cell therapy tried to improve the life of patients that suffer from neurodegenerative disease, like Alzheimer's disease. Although teeth are non-essential for life, but the dental tissues are an important source of mesenchymal stem cells that are suitable for neural regeneration. The studies showed that dental stem cells (DSCs) have the potential to differentiate into several cell types that among the most important is neural progenitor. In this review article, discusses the types of dental stem cells and then focused on application of dental stem cells on neural regeneration.
In addition to the critical role of stem cells in tissue regeneration and resurrect, they used in diverse disease treatment, including defective osteogenesis, brain lesion, Parkinson's disease, heart infarction, and tendon's fragment. Recently, a population of cells derived from urine has been discovered which exhibit some biological characteristics, including clonogenicity, cell growth patterns, expansion capacity, cell surface marker expression profile, multipotent differentiation, angiogenic paracrine effects, immunemodulatory properties. These cells can differentiate into induced pluripotent stem cells. Thus, we have termed these cells "urine-derived stem cells". These stem cells can be obtained from humans and different animal species, such as monkeys, pigs, and rabbits. Availability and low cost make these cells attractive for cell therapy in neurological disorders. Conclusion: Researches and clinical trials showed that implantation of mesenchymal stem cells, and possibly urine stem cells, may be effective in treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
The oral microbiota dysbiosis, as well as lifestyle, geographical location, drug consumption, and dietary habits, are involved in the incidence and progression of dementia, Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and some diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, preterm birth, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and neurodegenerative disease e.g., Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). AD is the most common cause of neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly. Also, neuroinflammation is the most common cause of AD pathogenesis. This study investigated the possible relationship between Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Alzheimer’s Disease. This review is based on research studies indexed in Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. The oral microbiota comprised various microorganisms, such as fungi, archaea, and bacteria. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is one of the microorganisms, it stimulates host immune cells and releases cytokines, lysosomal enzymes, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species that lead to cell damage, apoptosis, and inflammation. Therefore, periodontal disease (PerioD) through systemic inflammation leads to some problems like the progression of MCI, production and aggregation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) and tau protein in the brain of the elderly population. In addition, some treatment methods could modulate the adverse effects of P. gingivalis like probiotic dietary supplements, maintaining personal hygiene, as well as gingipain inhibitors which modulate cytokines through blocked Aβ production, ApoE proteolysis, and reduced neuroinflammation. In addition, therapeutic compounds like COR388 and COR286, as gingipain inhibitors, prevent P. gingivalis colonization in the brain and have a beneficial action in some conditions like aspiration pneumonia, low birth rate, rheumatoid arthritis, PerioD and AD.
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