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The biochemical effects of two compounds i.e. theophylline and furosemide were studied on the glassy clover snail Monacha obstructa. Animals were treated with sub-lethal concentration (¼ LC50) of each tested compound using contact (thin film) technique. Some biochemical parameters were measures at different periods after treatment. Results showed that the two tested compounds gradually reduced the activity of aspartate amino transferase (AST) and peroxidase enzymes with the prolongation of periods after treatment, while the contrary occurred with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as both compounds enhanced its activity proportionally than control. Concerning lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), results showed severe reduction in its level after 1, 2, 3 and 4 days post-treatment. Also catalase enzyme took adverse way as its activity increased in the 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th days for both compounds. On the other hand, levels of the total protein and total lipid were significantly or insignificantly decreased post-treatment with the two tested compounds.

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Background/aims Impairment of respiratory muscle function is common in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing haemodialysis, and is manifested by decreased oxygenation and physical function. The purpose of this study was to analyse the impact of training with incentive spirometer on mobility of the diaphragm, arterial blood gases and functional capacity in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing haemodialysis. Methods A pre–post research design was implemented. A total of 30 patients undergoing haemodialysis for chronic kidney disease received incentive spirometer training intradialysis three sessions a week for 8 weeks. Outcome measures were the amount of diaphragmatic mobility measured by ultrasonography, the levels of arterial partial pressure of oxygen, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, oxygen saturation percentages and the distance walked in 6 minutes. Results Significant improvement from pre-treatment to post-treatment measurements occurred in all outcome measures, with P<0.05. Conclusions Incentive spirometer training should be recommended to be a part of daily routine of patients with chronic kidney disease who are undergoing haemodialysis to decrease respiratory and physical function impairments.

Introduction. Tobacco smoking is a major avoidable cause of morbidity. Smoking is one of the important factors which can alter normal lipid profile and it is among the major risk factors in the genesis of coronary atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of high-intensity interval training on blood lipids and serum cotinine in Egyptian male smokers. Methods. overall, 30 sedentary male smokers with dyslipidaemia, with mean age of 30.16 ± 3.22 years, were enrolled in a highintensity interval training program calculated as 85-95% of their individualized maximum heart rate. The training program was applied for 30 minutes, 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Serum cotinine, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and total cholesterol levels were measured before and after the intervention. Results. After the training program, a significant improvement (decrease) was observed in cotinine, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and total cholesterol (by 39.94%, 7.13%, 5.09%, and 4.72%, respectively). Also, there was a significant improvement (increase) in high-density lipoprotein (by 17.07%). Conclusions. it is recommended for smokers to participate in high-intensity interval training to improve their lipid profile and decrease cotinine. These factors can play a role in reducing the risk for atherosclerosis.

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Background: In most situations, postmenopausal osteoporosis is a silent medical condition without significant or apparent symptoms till the existence of a fracture. Purpose: The goal of this study was to see how effective interval aerobic exercise is at improving bone mineral density indices in the cases of elderly women. Materials and methods: The current study is randomized, controlled trial. During 12-weeks of intervention, 40 subjects with age ranging from 60 to 70 years were randomly subdivided into two main groups: the exercise group (n=20) and the control group (n=20). Exercise group performed the interval exercises program which consisted of high intensity interval exercise (70%maxHR) with intensity lower (50% max HR) workloads were interchanged within 2 min, for 30 -40 minutes per session, 3 times per week for 12 weeks. Control Group did not receive any form of physical therapy intervention, but this group was instructed and encouraged to be remaining active. Outcomes: There are some factors to be considered; Bone mineral density (T score from DEXA), vitamin D levels, and Estrogen levels in the body.

Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common circulatory problem. The most common presenting symptom of PAD is intermittent claudication which leads to reduced walking capacity thus representing a disability. Objective: The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of partial body weight treadmill training on walking performance among patients with intermittent claudication due to peripheral arterial disease (PAD-IC).Methods: The study was conducted on thirty patients, their age ranged from 45 to 55 years. They were divided randomly into two equal groups in number. The first group (study) performed a training program on the anti-gravity treadmill of moderate intensity (12-14 on the Borg scale for rating of perceived exertion) for 50minutes, 3 sessions per week for 12 weeks in addition to their medical treatment. The second group (control) received their medical treatment only. Ankle brachial pressure index (ABI), walking performance (pain free walking distance (PFWD) and maximum walking distance (MWD) were measured before and after the study for both groups. Results: statistical analysis showed a significant improvement (increase) in ABI, PFWD and MWD by6.06%, 25.32% and 12.7%, respectively in the study group compared to control group. Conclusion: It is recommended for patients with intermittent claudication to participate in partial body weight treadmill training to increase their walking performance.