Después de años en los que los paradigmas principales de los estudios urbanos latinoamericanos se centraban en la dualización y la marginación –conceptos de hecho mucho más difundidos que la segregación urbana que tuvo un menor impacto en la literatura y en las políticas–, la fragmentación, junto con la globalización, se ha vuelto uno de los principales tópicos de investigación sobre la ciudad. Nos parece que desplazar el debate de la oposición entre las dos nociones de segregación y fragmentación hacia una reflexión sobre lo que puede aportar un enfoque sobre las escalas urbanas, espaciales, sociales y temporales, puede ser útil. Así, este texto trata de ver cómo se distinguen, en particular en cuanto a la pertinencia del análisis de la escala: la parte, el fragmento, el todo, el barrio, la metrópolis, etcétera.
Recent conceptualizations of ‘food deserts’ have expanded from a sole focus on access to supermarkets, to food retail outlets, to all household food sources. Each iteration of the urban food desert concept has associated this kind of food sourcing behavior to poverty, food insecurity, and dietary diversity characteristics. While the term continues to evolve, there has been little empirical evidence to test whether these assumed associations hold in cities of the Global South. This paper empirically tests the premises of three iterations of the urban food desert concept using household survey data collected in Nairobi, Kenya, and Mexico City, Mexico. While these associations are statistically significant and show the expected correlation direction between household food sourcing behavior and food security, the strength of these relationships tends to be weak. These findings indicate that the urban food desert concept developed in North American and UK cities may have limited relevance to measuring urban food insecurity in the Global South.
Understanding how to adapt to increasing risk under climate change is essential for governments wishing to mitigate harms and manage insurance and disaster assistance costs. An approach that values the public good of hazard mitigation provisioned by natural ecosystems could also incentivise government, beneficiaries and insurance companies to share responsibility and funding for targeted conservation and restoration. To illuminate this concept of the insurance value of ecosystems, it is important to map the relationship between the area(s) that benefit from and provide regulating ecosystem services and to identify what determines the level of protection. In the case of flood control regulation that benefits at-risk urban areas, upstream or inland peri-urban areas are key.We present steps to operationalise the insurance value in policy using spatial indicators of periurban biodiversity and vegetation and soil health for four Mexican cities. For Mexico City only, we identify at-risk areas and characterise upstream peri-urban areas and find this insurance value is already diminished. Combining spatial analysis with a damage cost function we estimate the expected damage costs of different flood events and the monetary value of enhancing this insurance value. This estimate could be compared to other policy interventions and integrated into hazard insurance.
El presente artículo tiene como objetivo caracterizar la estructura residencial del Área Metropolitana de Monterrey (AMM) e identificar las principales transformaciones socio-espaciales que ocurrieron durante la década de los noventa. A partir de la revisión de varios trabajos interesados en el análisis del espacio social de algunas ciudades mexicanas y extranjeras, se aplican los principios de la ecología factorial con dos propósitos fundamentales: 1) identificar las principales dimensiones que estructuran el espacio sociorresidencial del AMM, y 2) caracterizar los cambios en la estructura sociorresidencial en Monterrey para el periodo comprendido entre 1990 y 2000. Los resultados de estos análisis permiten identificar por un lado cierta estabilidad en la manera en que se estructura el espacio sociorresidencial, y por otro lado, observar una creciente diferenciación producto de la polarización de la población inmigrante en el espacio urbano de Monterrey. AbstractThe aim of this article is to characterize the residential structure of the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey (MAM) and to identify the principal socio-spatial transformations that occurred in the 1990s. On the basis of the review of various papers concerning the analysis of the social space of certain Mexican and foreign cities, the principles of factorial ecology are applied for two main purposes: 1) to identify the principal dimensions structuring MAM’s socio-residential space and 2) to characterize the changes in the socio-residential structure of Monterrey for the period between 1990 and 2000. The results of this analysis reveal a degree of instability in the way socio-residential space is structured on the one hand, and a growing differentiation resulting from the polarization of the immigrant population in Monterrey’s urban space on the other.
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