The effects of different types of solvents and extraction method were investigated to determine the presence of antioxidant contents and activity from the P. niruri plant. The aim of this study is to determine which extraction method will give higher natural antioxidant contents and antioxidant activity. The content of natural antioxidant and antioxidant activity were analysed by total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assay. The results showed that extracts from a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method without the addition of modifier showed the highest content of total phenolic (187.66 mg GAE/ g) and flavonoid (1100.93 mg QE/g) in P. niruri compared to the other methods of extraction with different type of solvents. The extract of P. niruri from different extraction methods showed antioxidant activity on DPPH radical scavenging assay. The soxhlet extraction method by methanol showed the lowest IC50 compared to the other methods of extraction. The results revealed that P. niruri extracts had different content of antioxidant and antioxidant activity. The solvent polarity and different methods of extraction play significant roles in determining the most suitable method for production of antioxidant contents and antioxidant activity from P. niruri extracts.
Pithecellobium Jiringan (P. Jiringan) is traditionally known as natural herb consists of several medicinal compounds (vitamin E). Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SC-CO2) has been proven as potential method to extract interest compound from herbs. By altering pressure and temperature, the specific compound can be extracted. In this study, the SC-CO2 operating conditions are pressure (20.68 MPa to 55.16 MPa) and temperature (40°C to 80°C) in one hour extraction regime was used to extract vitamin E from P. jiringan. The quantification of vitamin E was analysed with Gas Chromatography Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS). The responses are overall oil yield and vitamin E yield. The overall oil yield was obtained at the highest condition of 55.16 MPa and 80°C with asymptotic yield of 8.06%. In contrast, the highest amount of vitamin E obtained is 0.0458mg/g sample (80.14 ppm) at the lowest extraction condition of 20.68 MPa and 40ᵒC.
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kesan saiz zarah ke atas pengekstrakan sebatian catechin daripada biji Areca catechu L. dengan menggunakan Pengekstrakan Pelarut Terpecut (PPT). Saiz zarah biji Areca catechu dipelbagaikan dari 75 μm sehingga 500 μm. Pengekstrakan telah dijalankan padaparameter tetap iaitu suhu (140oC), tekanan (1500 psi), masa (10 minit), isipadu semburan (60%) dan satu kitaran pengekstrakan, masing-masing. Hasil minyak peratusan yang lebih tinggi adalah 300 mg minyak / gram sampel (30.00% pati minyak) ditemui pada 125 μm. Walaubagaimanapun, kandungan catechin dalam pati minyak hanya 0.0375 mg catechin / gram sampel. Saiz zarah yang terbaik dalam julat uji kaji ini telah dikenal pasti pada 500 μm yang memberikan kandungan catechin yang tinggi iaitu 0.0515 mg catechin / gram sampel dari 247.5 mg minyak / gram sampel (24.75% pati minyak). Kata kunci: Saiz zarah; catechin; LC-MS-TOF; pengekstrakan pelarut terpecut The purpose of this work is to investigate the effects of particle size on the extraction of catechincompound from Areca catechu L. seeds by using Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE). The particle sizes of Areca catechu L. seeds are varied from 75 µm until 500 µm. The extraction is conducted at fixed parameters which are temperature (140oC), pressure (1500 psi), extraction time (10 minutes), flush volume (60%) and the static cycle is done for 1 extraction cycle respectively. Higher percentage oil yield of 300mg oil/gram of sample (30.00% oil yield) is found at 125 µm. However, the amount of catechin in oil yields is only 0.0375 mg of catechin/gram of sample. The best of particle size within the experimental range has been identified at 500 µm which gives a high content of catechin with 0.0515 mg Catechin/gram of sample from 247.5 mg oil/gram of sample (24.75% oil yield). Keywords: Particle size; catechin; LC-MS-TOF; accelerated solvent extraction
Pithecellobium Jiringan (Jack) Prain (P.Jiringan) is one of the medicinal plant sources that consist of antioxidant compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction parameters on oil yields and to measure the solubility of P.Jiringan oil in SC-CO2 and correlated the data with Chrastil and del Valle & Aguilera models. The experimental were conducted at temperatures ranging from 40 o C to 70 o C and pressure from 27.58 MPa to 44.82 MPa. The extraction duration was 60 minutes. The result shows that the oil yields increase as the pressure and temperature increase. The solubility of oil increased as the density of CO2 increased at constant temperature. An analysis of the results show that the solubility experimental data correlated with the Chrastil's model was successfully matched. In addition, SC-CO2 give the highest oil yields compared to accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and soxhlet extraction process.
A rapid identification, classification and discrimination tool, using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with Principal Component Analysis (PCA), was developed and applied to determine the profile of the Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) of Parkia speciosa seeds under various temperature and pressure conditions (313, 323, 333, 343, 353 and 363 K and 20.68, 27.58, 34.47, 41.37, 48.26, and 55.16 MPa). The separation and identification of the compounds was carried out by Gas Chromatography coupled with Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC/TOF‐MS). This technique has made it possible to detect the variability obtained under different SFE conditions and the separation of different chemical compounds in P. speciosa seeds. The FTIR‐PCA results were verified by GC/TOF‐MS, and the FTIR‐PCA method successfully identified the unsaturated carboxylic acids with the highest percentage area under the different conditions.
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