Brewer's spent grain (BSG), a major brewing industry byproduct, is generated in large quantities annually. This review summarizes research into the composition and preservation of BSG, different extraction techniques for BSG proteins and phenolic acids, and the bioactivities of these phenolic components. Moreover, this article also highlights BSG integration into foodstuff for human consumption and animal feed supplements. BSG is considered a rich source of fiber, protein, and phenolic compounds. The phenolic acids present in BSG are hydroxycinnamic acids (ferulic, p-coumaric, and caffeic acids), which have many biofunctions, such as antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic, and antiinflammatory activities. Previously, attempts have been made to integrate BSG into human food, such as ready-to-eat snacks, cookies and bread, to increase fiber and protein contents. The addition of BSG to animal feed leads to increased milk yields, higher fat contents in milk, and is a good source of essential amino acids. Therefore, many studies have concluded that integrating the biofunctional compounds in BSG into human food and animal feed has various health benefits.

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Adjunctive probiotics could result in additional benefits in CAL gain in CP. Nevertheless, further high-quality randomized clinical trials with microbiological outcomes are warranted to obtain strong conclusions in this regard.

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Aim The aim of the present study was to assess and compare the clinical efficacy of local probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) and systemic antibiotics as adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of chronic periodontitis (CP). Methods Thirty systemically‐healthy participants (15 probiotic and 15 antibiotic), clinically diagnosed with CP, were enrolled. All patients underwent SRP. Adjunctive probiotics were administered twice daily for 3 months, whereas a combination of amoxicillin and metronidazole were given three times daily for 7 days. Results Intragroup analysis showed statistically‐significant improvement in all clinical parameters: plaque index, bleeding on probing, periodontal pocket depth, and clinical attachment level gain at each follow‐up visit. However, intergroup comparison of clinical periodontal parameters did not show statistical significance. Conclusion The adjunctive use of L. reuteri and systemic antibiotics along with SRP showed similar improvement in all clinical periodontal parameters. This indicates that both adjunctive therapeutic agents showed similar efficacy in resolving inflammation and improving periodontal outcomes.

The effects of the electric field associated with a laserinduced pulsed discharge on the ablationgenerated plumes of YBa2Cu3O7−X

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