An study was conducted on "Cobb-500" broiler chicks to evaluate the effects of probiotics and enzymes supplementation on growth performance, haematological and biochemical parameters. A total of 20, fourteen days old broiler chicks were divided randomly into four groups using five broiler chicks in each group. Group A was designated as control group was given only normal broiler ration and rest of the groups were fed probiotics and enzymes, [Group B (probiotic Microguard® @ 1 gm/L), Group C (enzymes preparation Acmezyme* 1 gm/L), Group D (Microguard* g 1 gm/L and Acmezyme @ 1 gm/L)] with drinking water respectively from 1St to 21 st day of study. It was observed that probiotics and enzymes supplementation enhanced the body growth rate. At the final day of experiment the body weight was significantly increased (P<0.01) in the treated groups in comparison with that of control group. Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, Packed Cell Volume (PCV) were significantly increased (p<0.01) in treated groups than the control group. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and Serum alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) levels were decreased significantly (p<0.01) than the control group. The serum Serum aspertate aminotransaminase (AST) level was decreased significantly (p<0.01) in all treated groups except group D than the control group. It is suggests that the poultry farming may be benefited using probiotics and enzymes.

The use of antibiotics in animals for both therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes is a major driver of the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). While several studies have investigated prescription and consumption patterns in humans, little attention has been paid to the veterinary sector. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 3002 veterinary students (VS) and non-medical students (NMS) from 12 universities in Bangladesh to explore their knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) about antibiotics and AMR using a self-administered questionnaire, and assess the influence of the veterinary curriculum. KAP regarding antibiotic use and AMR was significantly higher in veterinary than non-medical students, and in first-year than final-year students. However, gaps in knowledge and practices were highlighted, suggesting deficiencies in training. Moreover, final-year veterinary students were found to be more likely than first-year students to use antibiotics without instructions, which could indicate deficiencies in their curriculum. Although the study suggested a positive impact of the veterinary curriculum on KAP about antibiotics and AMR in Bangladesh, critical gaps remain that are likely to contribute to inadequate use in their future practice. Therefore, there is scope for improving educational programs on AMR in professional curricula.

Objective:The objective of this study was to identify the multi-drug resistance (MDR) Klebsiella sp. from mastitis milk samples.Materials and Methods:In the current research, 48 clinical mastitis milk samples were collected from Rangpur division, Bangladesh. Confirmation of bovine mastitis (BM) was done by the California Mastitis Test (CMT). All the CMT positive isolates were subjected for the identification of Klebsiella sp. using through a series of cultural and biochemical tests. MDR Klebsiella sp. isolates were determined using the disk diffusion method, and minimum inhibitory zones were measured by following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. MDR patterns of the isolates were also subjected to study by using housefly (Musca domestica).Results:Among the isolates, 62.5% (n = 30/48) revealed the presence of Klebsiella sp. Eight antimicrobial agents including Amoxicillin, Novobiocin, Erythromycin, Vancomycin, Cephradine, Tetracycline, Bacitracin, Methicillin, and housefly (M. domestica) showed complete resistance to Klebsiella sp. On the other hand, Chloramphenicol, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Azithromycin, Norfloxacin, Levofloxacin, and Nalidixic acid showed sensitivity.Conclusion:This study helps to treat BM with effective antibiotics and helps in an epidemiological study in Rangpur division as well as helps to create public health awareness.

The current study was conducted to isolate and identify multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MDR-SA) from mastitis milk samples and to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. A total of 48 bovine mastitis (BM) milk samples were collected from different parts of the Rangpur division, Bangladesh. After the collection of milk samples, mastitis was confirmed using the California mastitis test. Isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus were performed using conventional cultural and biochemical tests as well as using molecular methods of PCR. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the 23S rRNA gene of Staphylococcus aureus was determined. The antibiogram of the isolated bacteria was conducted using the disc diffusion method. Phylogenetic analysis of 23S rRNA was done using MEGA 7, ClustalW multiple sequence alignment, and NCBI-BLAST tools, where the sequence of the isolate showed 98% to 99% identity. Antibiogram test using 15 antimicrobial agents showed that all of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR). It was found that the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, novobiocin, methicillin, vancomycin, and cephradine, and the isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, gentamicin, and amoxicillin. The detection of MDR-SA in mastitis milk is alarming and represents a great public health concern. The findings of the present study help identify Staphylococcus aureus at the molecular level using 23S rRNA gene sequencing and will help select the appropriate and effective antimicrobial agent to control BM in the northern part of Bangladesh.

5,7-Diphenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,4-dioxo-5H-pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine (4a) has been synthesized in single-step by the condensation of barbituric acid (1) with benzylideneacetophenone (2a) in glacial acetic acid in the presence of phosphorous pentoxide. Reaction of barbituric acid (1) with arylideneacetophenones (2b-d) which gave the corresponding adducts of 5-(1,3-diaryl-1-oxopropyl) pyrimidine (1H, 3H, 5H)-2,4,6-triones (3a-c) previously in 50 % aqueous ethanol which on further reflux in gl. acetic acid in the presence of phosphorous pentoxide also gave the corresponding pyranopyrimidines 5,7-diaryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,4-dioxo-5H-pyrano [2,3- d]pyrimidines (4b-d). The structures of the compounds 4a-d were characterized by their UV, IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectral data. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 41(3-4), 119-128, 2006

Contaminated street food has been linked to food-borne illness and food-borne outbreak. Chotpoti is a popular street food in Bangladesh. This study was conducted to identify enteric bacteria in chotpoti sold in different parts of the capital city Dhaka. From July to October, 2012 we purposively selected 18 sites where chotpoti was sold in Dhaka city. From each site we randomly selected six chotpoti stalls for sample collection. At each stall we aseptically collected approximately 100 gm of a combined sample of chotpoti, chili sauce and water used for cleaning utensils. The combined sample was homogenized and was serially diluted in a sterile test tube with normal saline to obtain a dilution up to 10 -5 . From each test tube 0.1 ml of dilution was plated on to MacConkey and Blood agar plates under aerobic conditions at 37˚C for 24 to 48 hours. Bacterial growth was identified by the colonial morphology, Gram stain, and biochemical tests. Of the 108 samples we analyzed, 84 (78%) were contaminated with bacterial pathogens. Among isolated organisms Acinetobacter (66%) was the most dominant followed by Klebsiella spp. (54%), E. coli (3%) and Proteus spp. (0.9%). Two different organisms were present in 47 (44%) samples. In half of the study sites, every sample was contaminated; in only one site bacterial contamination was absent in all samples. Contaminated street food like chotpoti may cause food borne illness and pose risk of food borne epidemics. Further studies are required for quantitative assessment of pathogens to detect potential sources of contamination and to develop interventions that can effectively reduce street food contamination.

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Fishes are very rich source of animal proteins. The soft tissues of fish and aquatic environment are extremely susceptible to microbial contamination. In this research a total of 79 samples were collected from different local market. In which 54 samples were from dried fish and 25 from cooked fish samples. In this research there were 18 different types of dried fish and 6 types of cooked fish were used as a sample. Laboratory work was done by different bacteriological laboratory methods and purified isolates were identified according to gram's staining reaction, colony morphology, cultural characteristics, biochemical and antibiotic susceptibility test. All most 100% dried and 20% cooked fish sample were contaminated. In this study seven different species and 168 isolates were identified from dried fish and these were Escherichia coli 21.43% (36), Vibrio spp. 18.45% (31), Staphylococcus spp.17.86% (30), Pseudomonas spp.17.86% (30), Salmonella spp.12.5% (21), Shigella spp. 8.93% (15) and Klebsiella spp. 2.97% (5). In cooked fish 9 isolates were identified and species were Escherichia coli 66.66% (6) and Shigella spp. 33.34% (3). Total viable count varies from 1.28×10 7 CFU/g to 3.74×10 9 CFU/g. The highest concentration was found in Loitta fish and lowest in Ruhi from dried fish. Most species of bacteria isolated were resistant to amoxicillin, penicillin-g, kanamycin, azithromycin, cefuroxime sodium, cephalexin, nalidixic acid, cephradine and erythromycin. The isolates were found to be of medical im portance. Hence it is considered that a variety of bacterial species can be associated with dried fish related pathogen to animal and humans.