The sensitivity of certain local medicinal herbs was evaluated against pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Edwardsiella tarda bacteria of fish during the period from April 2001 to March 2002. A suspension of freshly cultured experimental bacteria (2 x 107 CFU / ml) was prepared and 0.1 ml of this suspension was spread over the tryptic soya agar (TSA) plates. Then crude extract (0.1ml / plate) of each herb was inoculated in the middle of the cultured plate to detect the response. The herbal extract was categorized as high, medium and low inhibitory responded by observing the clear zone of inhibition. Fine extract of the high inhibitory responded herbs was applied under in vitro conditions against the bacteria tested. Twenty-one (80.76%), twenty-four (92.30%) and twelve (46.15%) species of the herbs tested showed antibacterial effect against A. hydrophila, P. fluorescens and E. tarda, respectively. Among them, high inhibitory responded herbs were 38.09% for inhibition of A. hydrophila and P. fluorescens and 38.33% for E. tarda. However, the extract collected from bulb of Allium sativum for inhibition of A. hydrophila and P. fluorescens and the decoction obtained from leaves of Calotropis gigantea for E. tarda were detected to be the most promising herbs considering effectiveness with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) among all of the herbs tested. Key words: Sensitivity; pathogenic bacteria; herbal extract; minimal inhibitory concentration doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i1.1941 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (1) : 75-82
Experiments were conducted maintaining under aquarium and pond conditions using feed containing medicinal plants/extracts was evaluated on artificially and naturally infected fish with bacterial pathogens. When the fish were exposed to high bacterial pathogens Aeromonas hydrophila Ah-11, Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-13 and Edwardsiella tarda Et-70, recovery of the infected fish varied with the pathogens challenged and feed treatments. Fish feed containing bulb extract of Allium sativum (3% feeding) showed significantly (p<0.01) high therapeutic effect recovering the infected fish (Thai silver barb, Barbodes gonionotus) with A. hydrophila (100 ± 0% recovery) and P. fluorescens (90±0% recovery). A similar result was observed in the case of pangas fish feed containing decoction of leaves of Calotropis gigantea where 100 ± 0% E. tarda infected Thai pangas (Pangasius hypophthalmus) were found to be cured. These two types of herbal feed offered similar result when applied to the naturally ulcer-affected Thai silver barb and Thai pangas fingerling under aquarium condition. In pond condition, the herbal feed containing bulb extract of A. sativum was applied experimentally to A. hydrophila infected different fish species maintained in different individual ponds where, 91.67 ± 2.35% Thai silver barb, 84.99 ± 2.35% Rui (Labeo rohita) and 74.99 ± 2.35% Mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus) were found to be recovered. In contrast, plants mixed pangas feed containing decoction of leaves of C. gigantea was cured 94.44 ± 3.84% E. tarda infected Thai pangas. The other medicinal plants used in this study showed medium to weak effect recovering the bacterial infected fish.
The status of ulcer diseases in cultured fish in 14 upazilas (sub-districts) of Mymensingh and surrounding six districts were investigated during the winter in 2001-2002 and 2002-2003. Fish were visibly affected by ulcer diseases including epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS). Prevalence of disease varied in different districts, months and fish species in the two years. The highest prevalence of disease was in Jamalpur district where 90% fish ponds in Melandah upazila were affected during 2001-2002, whereas 80% affected ponds were observed in sadar upazila of Mymensingh district during [2002][2003]. The highest prevalence was in January and the lowest in October. The prevalence of ulcer diseases in different fish species varied significantly (p<0.01). Among the 10 affected species, six were histopathologically EUS-positive and four EUS-negatives. Cirrhinus cirrhosus and Barbodes gonionotus were highly affected by ulcer diseases including EUS.
Fishes are very rich source of animal proteins. The soft tissues of fish and aquatic environment are extremely susceptible to microbial contamination. In this research a total of 79 samples were collected from different local market. In which 54 samples were from dried fish and 25 from cooked fish samples. In this research there were 18 different types of dried fish and 6 types of cooked fish were used as a sample. Laboratory work was done by different bacteriological laboratory methods and purified isolates were identified according to gram's staining reaction, colony morphology, cultural characteristics, biochemical and antibiotic susceptibility test. All most 100% dried and 20% cooked fish sample were contaminated. In this study seven different species and 168 isolates were identified from dried fish and these were Escherichia coli 21.43% (36), Vibrio spp. 18.45% (31), Staphylococcus spp.17.86% (30), Pseudomonas spp.17.86% (30), Salmonella spp.12.5% (21), Shigella spp. 8.93% (15) and Klebsiella spp. 2.97% (5). In cooked fish 9 isolates were identified and species were Escherichia coli 66.66% (6) and Shigella spp. 33.34% (3). Total viable count varies from 1.28×10 7 CFU/g to 3.74×10 9 CFU/g. The highest concentration was found in Loitta fish and lowest in Ruhi from dried fish. Most species of bacteria isolated were resistant to amoxicillin, penicillin-g, kanamycin, azithromycin, cefuroxime sodium, cephalexin, nalidixic acid, cephradine and erythromycin. The isolates were found to be of medical im portance. Hence it is considered that a variety of bacterial species can be associated with dried fish related pathogen to animal and humans.
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