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The present study revealed considerably low knowledge of the participants regarding the first-aid management of dental trauma for the study group. As teachers get an opportunity to attend a case of dental trauma, strategies to improve the teachers' knowledge seem crucial.

Prophylactic TA reduces blood loss after vaginal delivery in women with a low risk of postpartum haemorrhage. The prophylactic use of TA may reduce blood loss complications and enhance maternal health.

Since physicians sometimes need to attend a case of dental trauma, it is necessary that they possess suficient knowledge of management of traumatic dental emergencies. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge of dental trauma among dentists and physicians. A three-part questionnaire, including demographic data, knowledge, and self-assessment, was administered to 104 dentists and 151 physicians in Kerman Province, Iran. Data obtained from 255 completed questionnaires were statistically analyzed using t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square, and Pearson correlation coeficient. Among the physicians, only fourteen (9.3 percent) had received education regarding dental trauma. In contrast, seventy-seven dentists (74 percent) had received information on what to do if a tooth is traumatized. Regarding knowledge level, only 10.6 percent of the physicians had high knowledge, while 66.3 percent of the dentists demonstrated high knowledge. The differences of knowledge level between the two groups were statistically signiicant (p=0.0001). More than half of the dentists (58.3 percent) and nearly all the physicians (98.7 percent) were dissatisied with their level of knowledge and suggested that further education on the topic should be offered.

Self-report of pain is the single most reliable indicator of pain intensity. The purpose of this study was to compare patients' and nurses' ratings of patients' pain. The sample comprised 76 patients and 65 nurses in coronary care units that rated the patient's pain intensity on a 0-10 numeric rating scale. Results showed that the mean scores of nurses were lower than their patients significantly (P < 0.01). Also, nurses assessed patients' pain intensity accurately 60% of the time. Overestimations and underestimations were 12.4% and 27.6% respectively. In addition, there were positive, moderate and significant correlations between patients' and nurses' ratings (r = 0.41, P < 0.001). Underestimation of patient's pain can have negative effects if appropriate treatment is withheld. This emphasizes the importance of a systematic assessment and acceptance of the patient's self-reported of pain.

Interventions that improve knowledge about emergency management of traumatic dental injuries may be a good way to achieve a more favorable prognosis in such situations. We set out to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of combined educational interventions on health teachers, including lecture presentation, question-and-answer sessions, and informational posters to promote awareness regarding emergency measures for traumatized teeth. Assessment was performed using a three-part questionnaire, including demographic data, knowledge, and self-assessment. Using a census sampling method, 52 health teachers of 68 potential candidates participated in the study. The questionnaires of 38 teachers who participated at all three intervals, including before (T0), immediately after (T1), and 36 months after (T2) the intervention, were analyzed. Statistical analysis involved Cochrane and McNemar's tests. Totally, results revealed an increase in knowledge from T0 to T1 and T2 intervals (P < 0.017). This study shows the positive effect of educational campaigns and, therefore, serves to encourage professionals to embark on innovative educational programs in this field.

Pre-pregnancy obesity was associated with probability of gestational and post-delivery depression. Therefore, training and planning to conduct required interventions to resolve obesity seem be helpful in this regard.

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