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In the present work, response surface methodology (RSM) using the miscellaneous design model was performed to optimize thermal properties of Cellulose nonocrystal (CNC) and hybrid of cellulose nanocrystal-copper (II) oxide (CNC-CuO) nanolubricant. Influence of temperature, concentration and type of nanolubricant is used to develop empirical mathematical model by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on Central Composite Design (CCD) with aid of Minitab 18 statistical analysis software. The significance of the developed empirical mathematical model is validated by using Analysis of variance (ANOVA). In order to produce second-order polynomial equations for target outputs including thermal conductivity and viscosity, 26 experiments were performed. According to the results, the predicted values were in sensible agreement with the experimental data. In other words, more than 80% of thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity variations of the nanolubricant could be predicted by the models, which shows the applied model is precise. The predicted optimized value shown in the optimization plot is 0.1463 for thermal conductivity and 1.6311 for specific heat capacity. The relevant parameters such as concentration, temperature and type of nanolubricant are 81.51°C, 0.1, and the categorical factor is CNC-CuO. The composite shown in the plot is 0.6531. The validation result wit experimental as shown in indicate that the model can predict the optimal experimental conditions well.

The use of insects as a biofuel feedstock has received limited research, and little is known about the fuel characteristics of insect biofuel. Fuel properties characterization can guide researchers focused on renewable fuel for the internal combustion engine. Therefore, this investigation focused on the physical-chemical properties modification of Hermetia illucens larvae oil (HILO) and diesel fuel blends, which could highly become an alternative renewable fuel. Five test fuel blends of HILO and diesel fuel were prepared at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% on a volume basis. Fuel properties such as chemical composition, density, viscosity, heating value, cetane number, and flash point of the test fuel blends were analyzed and compared to the diesel fuel. The main physical-chemical properties of HILO-diesel fuel blends were determined following the ASTM standards. Based on the results, the density, viscosity, cetane number, and flash point of the diesel fuel-HILO fuel blends were increased by 11.28%, 740.30%, 16.92%, and 86.67%, respectively, with the addition of HILO, except for the heating value reduced by 13.66%.

Friction and wear are the main factors in the failure of the piston in automobile engines. The objective of this work was to improve the tribological behaviour and lubricant properties using hybrid Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC) and Copper (II) oxide nanoparticles blended with SAE 40 as a base fluid. The two-step method was used in the hybrid nanofluid preparation. Three different concentrations were prepared in a range of 0.1% to 0.5%. Kinematic viscosity and viscosity index were also identified. The friction and wear behavior were evaluated using a tribometer based on ASTM G181. The CNC-CuO nano lubricant shows a significant improvement in term of viscosity index by 44.3–47.12% while for friction, the coefficient of friction (COF) decreases by 1.5%, respectively, during high and low-speed loads (boundary regime), and 30.95% during a high-speed, and low load (mixed regime). The wear morphologies results also show that a smoother surface was obtained after using CNC-CuO nano lubricant compared to SAE 40.

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