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This paper presents a comparative performance analysis of 4-kW axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machines (AFPMSMs) with and without a rotor core. The present study is intended for lowspeed applications; however, the investigated machines are designed using an improved diameter-to-length method and their comparative performance is assessed using comprehensive electromagnetic finite element analysis. The results of this analysis suggest that the proposed coreless topology has the advantages of higher output power, higher efficiency, and lower iron or core losses compared to the conventional iron core AFPMSM.

This paper presents data an Ant colony optimization (ACO) based data hiding technique. ACO is used to detect complex region of cover image and afterward, least significant bits (LSB) substitution is used to hide secret information in the detected complex regions' pixels. ACO is an algorithm developed inspired by the inborn manners of ant species. The ant leaves pheromone on the ground for searching food and provisions. The proposed ACO-based data hiding in complex region establishes an array of pheromone, also called pheromone matrix, which represents the complex region in sequence at each pixel position of the cover image. The pheromone matrix is developed according to the movements of ants, determined by local differences of the image element's intensity. The least significant bits of complex region pixels are substituted with message bits, to hide secret information. The experimental results, provided, show the significance of the performance of the proposed method. Keyword:Ant [7]. Sahib et al., inspired from chipper block chaining (CBC) encryption, proposed new techniques of stego block chaining (SBC) and enhanced stego block chaining (ESBC) to hide information in digital images [8].The aim of all data hiding techniques is to make the presence of hidden information undetectable and this attracted the attention of researcher to make use of HVS limitation. HVS can very easily detect the variations made in smooth area of cover image as compared to the changes in complex region. Due to this characteristic of the HVS, complex region of cover image is subjected to hiding and smooth region is not modified [9], [10]. In some techniques, complex region is subjected to more to data hiding than smooth region. This approach results in high quality of the stego-image, which means increase in the security of hidden information. Various techniques, including LSB methods [11], PVD methods, and side-match

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