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This article introduced a combination of study habits and test taking skills intervention for students on how to control test anxiety and promote their abilities and academic achievement. Based on skill-deficit model, anxious students suffer from test anxiety due to inability of using sufficient study habits and test taking skills to approach examination. Study skills interventions may assist anxious students to distinguish, recover and increase their study habits and test-taking skills. Study skills training intervention can improve students’ cognitive processes which affect the organization, processing and retrieval information. Study skills and test-taking skills training are two related treatment components of new study-skills training program. The present intervention introduced in this paper, attempts to guide students on the nature of anxiety, test anxiety, goal setting, motivation, time management techniques, memory tips, reading and summarizing skills improvement and test taking tricks. Through this intervention as a practical tool, students can be able to learn various tips and strategies across the study habits and test taking skills activities to improve their study abilities and academic achievement

, pandemic effected the global health, physically, socially and mentally. Currently the pandemic in Malaysia observed to be in control with movement strict precaution and preventions. This study is cross-sectional survey study to evaluate the responses of Malaysian Adults during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. To evaluate the Malaysian responses and effects on their psychological health and coping response, a cross sectional online survey was conduct on (N=716) adult participants age range 20 to 75 years (Mean 33.34), male (193) female (523) from various background and all district of Malaysia. Questionnaire Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS), and Brief Coping Response Inventory (BCRI) was administer to evaluate the response through online Google form. Results revealed that there is significant gender differences in the score of psychological health related to, depression, anxiety and stress with coping response. Results, A Mann-Whitney U analysis indicated that there was a difference (Z = -2.013, p < .05) indicated that male stress score higher than female during the COVID-19 movement control period. Coping response showed higher significance with male as compared to females. Our findings revealed high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among both gender, with the differences in coping response towards the pandemic phase of COVID-19, during movement control period. As Mental health practitioner, there is great needs to address the mental health status and coping responses, for the wellbeing of adults during the unprecedented phase of COVID-19 pandemic.

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Background: It has been well documented that social isolation stress (SIS) can induce posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-like behavior in rodents, however, the underlying mechanism is remained misunderstood. In the current study, we aimed to elucidate the role of NO/NMDAR pathway in PTSD-like behavior through modulating of astrocyte activity and improvement of oxidative stress.Methods: Male NMRI mice were used to evaluate the memory function by using Morris water maze (MWM) and fear memory extinction by using freezing response. We used MK-801 (NMDAR-antagonist), L-NNA (NOS-inhibitor), NMDA (NMDAR-agonist), and L-arginine (NO-agent) to find a proper treatment. Also, immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and oxidative stress assays were used to evaluate the levels of astrocytes and oxidative stress. We used five mice in each experimental task. Results:Our results revealed that SIS could induce learning and memory dysfunction as well as impairment of fear memory extinction in MWM and freezing response tests, respectively. Also, we observed that combined treatment including blockage of NOS (by L-NNA, 0.5 mg/kg) and NMDAR (by MK-801, 0.001 mg/kg) at subeffective doses could result in improvement of both memory and fear memory. In addition, we observed that SIS significantly increases the GFAP expression and astrocyte activity, which results in significant imbalance in oxidative stress. Coadministration of MK-801 and L-NNA at subeffective doses not only decreases the expression of GFAP, but also regulates the oxidative stress imbalance Conclusion: Based on these results, it could be hypothesized that blockage of NO/NMDAR pathway might be a novel treatment for PTSD-like behavior in animals by inhibiting the astrocyte and regulating oxidative stress level.

Objective: Non-constant current stimulation (NCCS) is a neuromodulatory method in which weak alternating, pulsed or random currents are delivered to the human head via scalp or earlobe electrodes. This approach is widely used in basic and translational studies. However, the underlying mechanisms of NCCS, which lead to biological and behavioral effects in the brain, remain largely unknown. In this review, we characterize NCCS techniques currently being utilized in neuroscience investigations, including transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), transcranial pulsed current stimulation (tPCS), transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), and cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES). Method: We unsystematically searched all relevant conference papers, journal articles, chapters, and textbooks on the biological mechanisms of NCCS techniques. Results: The fundamental idea of NCCS is that these low-level currents can interact with neuronal activity, modulate neuroplasticity and entrain cortical networks, thus, modifying cognition and behavior. We elucidate the mechanisms of action for each NCCS technique. These techniques may cause microscopic effects (such as affecting ion channels and neurotransmission systems) and macroscopic effects (such as affecting brain oscillations and functional connectivity) on the brain through different mechanisms of action (such as neural entrainment and stochastic resonance). Conclusion: The appeal of NCCS is its potential to modulate neuroplasticity noninvasively, along with the ease of use and good tolerability. Promising and interesting evidence has been reported for the capacity of NCCS to affect neural circuits and the behaviors under their control. Today, the challenge is to utilize this advancement optimally. Continuing methodological advancements with NCCS approaches will enable researchers to better understand how NCCS can be utilized for the modulation of nervous system activity and subsequent behaviors, with possible applications to non-clinical and clinical practices.

In recent years, aquatic sports (AS) have become more popular, especially for those who enjoy the adventurous sports activities. However, the AS have the possibility of injury, although the activities are performed in the water media. This study aimed to determine the musculoskeletal injury profile and incidence among AS athletes in Sultan Idris Education University (UPSI) from 2018-2020. A total of 62 staff and students who are AS athletes participated in this study. The injuries of athletes were assessed based on the type, location and cause of injuries within the last two years of competition events or training sessions and through an online survey method by Sport Injury Reporting Questionnaire. The AS were swimming, kayaking, canoeing, dragon boating, and rowing. The study recorded 102 injury cases in total. The results showed muscle cramps were the most common injury, followed by abrasion contusion and muscle strain. The most common body location injury specifically in swimming was the shoulder injury, followed by forearm, hip and thigh. In addition, overuse and chronic were the highest injury causes, followed by poor paddling technique and low level of strength and only a few of the respondents reported a lack of proper warm-up and cool-down. These findings revealed the injuries probably occurred in the upper body, which was caused by overuse training and inappropriate technique, particularly in swimming strokes and boating. These findings may be useful when developing future training program that aims to prevent sport injuries in aquatic sports.

Introduction: Suicide affects the lives of many individuals all over the world and is a severe public health concern. Among all the ages, youth suicide is one of the severe topics to be concerned about due to the years of their life lost. As a result, we require a thorough understanding of the risk factors contributing to young suicide cases. This systematic review uses thematic analysis to identify common themes and topics in recent literature on suicide and youth: biological, psychological, social, and environmental risk factors. Objective: This study aims to identify and distill the common themes in recent literature on suicide and youth. Methods: Literature was sourced from four databases and edited down based on abstract and content analysis. Findings: 71 articles were chosen and were reviewed to identify the main topics of discussion. Conclusion: Each factor brought different intentions on how they can contribute the youth to committing suicide or having suicide ideation. We also included evidence of the prevalence of the risk factors for youth suicides. Some suicide prevention has been included at the end of the article. Recommendation: These results serve as a source of reference for future research.