Numerous injuries occur each year caused by sports, resulting in decreased physical activity and work time lost in addition to substantial medical costs. Prevention and intervention have become focal points for researchers and clinicians. Due to the lack of evidence related to injury patterns among Perak athletes in Malaysia for entire contact-sports, risks of injury cannot truly been identified. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify the injury profile of contact-sports for Perak athletes, and to determine the injuries pattern among the athletes. In the same time, suggesting injury prevention strategies in order to reduce the risks of injury. Descriptive research design is utilized in this study. There were 533 Perak athletes from seven contact-sports i.e hockey, judo, karate, taekwondo, silat, tinju and wushu participated in this study. There were 105 athletes who reported injured were recruited and completed the self-administered questionnaire. The data is examined based on the research questions: a) common types of injuries, b) common body locations of injuries and c) common risk factors of injuries. The descriptive statistics i.e. frequency and percentage were utilized to analyze the research variables. The study findings indicated that muscles cramp, sprain and strain were the most common types of injuries. The reflection of intensity of physical interactions involved in the sporting activities becomes the common causes of different types of injuries. While lower extremities i.e ankle, knee and thigh became the common body locations of injuries. Opponent was found as major risk factor to injury. This study suggesting that the injury prevention strategies should focus on proper stretching during warm-up, ensure the training volume, proper landing techniques, ensure the injured athletes receive adequate rehabilitation, implementation of injury prevention programming, rules changes and emphasize on effective equipment. In conclusion, this injury profile is able to provide sufficient information in reducing and preventing injury occurrence thus helps maintaining athlete's health at optimum level.

In recent years, aquatic sports (AS) have become more popular, especially for those who enjoy the adventurous sports activities. However, the AS have the possibility of injury, although the activities are performed in the water media. This study aimed to determine the musculoskeletal injury profile and incidence among AS athletes in Sultan Idris Education University (UPSI) from 2018-2020. A total of 62 staff and students who are AS athletes participated in this study. The injuries of athletes were assessed based on the type, location and cause of injuries within the last two years of competition events or training sessions and through an online survey method by Sport Injury Reporting Questionnaire. The AS were swimming, kayaking, canoeing, dragon boating, and rowing. The study recorded 102 injury cases in total. The results showed muscle cramps were the most common injury, followed by abrasion contusion and muscle strain. The most common body location injury specifically in swimming was the shoulder injury, followed by forearm, hip and thigh. In addition, overuse and chronic were the highest injury causes, followed by poor paddling technique and low level of strength and only a few of the respondents reported a lack of proper warm-up and cool-down. These findings revealed the injuries probably occurred in the upper body, which was caused by overuse training and inappropriate technique, particularly in swimming strokes and boating. These findings may be useful when developing future training program that aims to prevent sport injuries in aquatic sports.

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Background and Study Aim. Complex sports specific movements often require balance ability. This is accountable for injury prevention as well. Balance control is vital to athletes for all sports activities. It is the objective of the current study to develop and identify balance training program effectiveness in improving dynamic balance among athletes in Malaysian National Sport Schools. Material and Methods. This study used a true experimental with control group design, involved dynamic balance control measures before and after intervention. A total of 72 male and female athletes were randomly assigned into experimental group or control group after screening process for eligibility. The experimental group underwent 12 sessions of balance training program and the control group continued their usual training routine. The Y-Balance Test was utilized to quantify dynamic balance for both groups. Data was analyzed using independent and paired sample t-test. Results. The study finding indicated that the experimental group demonstrated significant improvement in the post-test compared to pre-test (p = 0.000, p < 0.001) but no significant changes happened to control group (p = 0.353, p > 0.05). Independent t-test showed during post-test, the experimental group attained better score compared to the control group (p = 0.000, p < 0.001). Conclusions. It is suggested that coaches and athletes may include this balance training program in their training regimen, hoping to help in improving dynamic balance, thus, to reduce risk of lower extremity injuries. Future studies are suggested to increase more variances of balance training and make comparison on their effectiveness as a way to obtain a more effective training program.

Background and Study Aim. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects CoBAgi Training which apply neuromuscular training, sport specific movements that couple with perturbation variation on coordination, dynamic balance and agility among adolescent handball players. Material and Methods. Quantitative randomized controlled trials quasi-experimental design with pretest and posttest evaluation used for this study. A total of 30 adolescent handball players (aged: 14.00 ± 0.83 years) were recruited as participants. Purposive sampling methods were used for these purposes. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups i.e. control group (CG: n=15) and experimental group (EG: n=15). EG undergone six weeks CoBAgi training while CG followed their usual training routine with supervision of the researcher, there times a week for 6 weeks. In order to measure the effect of these training on coordination, dynamic balance and agility, participants have performed Carioca Test, Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and L-Run Test during pre-training and post-training session. The data were analyzed through Independent Samples t-test with p<0.05 “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences” (SPSS) program. Result. After completed the six weeks training duration, there were significant difference identified in coordination (t=-2.290, P=0.030*), dynamic balance (t= 4.802, P=0.000*) and agility (t=-3.202, P= 0.003*) between EG and CG. Conclusion. Therefore, this study revealed that CoBAgi training could improve abilities performance of coordination, dynamic balance and agility, and this suggesting that CoBAgi training may be use as rehabilitation and pre-rehabilitation training strategies in order for injury prevention plan as well as improve sports performance especially among the adolescent handball players.

Background. It is known that all sports require dynamic balance and more specifically towards contact sports such as basketball which puts players through array of perturbation and collision during the game. The purpose of this study was to find out the effectiveness of six-week balance training with perturbation in enhancing dynamic balance of basketball players. Materials and methods. The study participants were ten basketball players who volunteered and were randomly distributed into an Experimental Group (N=5) and a Control Group (N=5). The Experimental Group received a six weeks balance training intervention with perturbation for a total of 18 sessions, while Control Group kept regular training. The Y-balance test was used in pre-test and post-test to measure dynamic balance of both groups. Independent sample t-test was used for the analysis of results. Results. The study findings revealed that the Experimental Group improved significantly in dynamic balance at p=0.000 after having undergone the 18 sessions of intervention with perturbation, while there was no significant improvement in the Control Group. Conclusions. This study concluded that the six-week balance training with perturbation is effective in enhancing dynamic balance control in basketball players. This intervention can be modified or integrated into a neuromuscular training program to further improve dynamic balance of basketball players, hence, may help in reducing injury risk. This intervention also can be suggested as a training regime for other contact sports that require excellent balance control.