The effects of five extraction solvents and their mixtures on the yield of metabolites in crude and fractionated extracts of Annona muricata L. leaves were investigated by direct comparison. Extraction media were prepared using simplex centroid mixtures of ethanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, acetone, and chloroform. The effects of the mobile phase solvent strength and the analysis wavelength on the chromatographic separation were also investigated. Solvent mixtures rather than pure solvents were found to be the most efficient extractors for the different fractions. The results indicated that the mobile phase composed of methanol/acetonitrile/water (26:27:47 v/v/v) was most suitable for the basic fraction analysis at 254 nm, whereas the mobile phase composed of methanol/acetonitrile/water (35:35:30 v/v/v) was the most adequate for the organic fraction analysis at 254 nm. The results indicated that the chromatographic profiles and number of peaks were affected by the mobile phase strength and analysis wavelength.
The indiscriminate use of chemical acaricides has allowed Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus to develop resistance to several active principles. However, botanical extracts have been tested as an alternative method to control those ticks. This experiment studied the chemical fingerprint and acaricidal effect of fresh and dry Aloe arborescens Mill. extracts on R. (B.) microplus. The acaricidal activity of extracts was assessed using in vitro assays with engorged females, and phytochemical characterization was performed by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that fresh and dry A. arborescens extracts prepared with the solvents pure ethanol, ethanol-dichloromethane binary mixture, and ethanol-dichloromethane-acetone ternary mixture, contained water-soluble tannins and had a strong effect on the reproductive parameters of R. (B.) microplus demonstrated by a marked decreased in the number of eggs laid and in the larvae hatching rate (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001). R. (B.) microplus, pois observou-se queda acentuada no número de ovos postos e na taxa de eclosão das larvas (p < 0,05; p < 0,01; p < 0,001). Conclui-se que A. arborescens Mill possui componentes com efeito acaricida contra R. (B.) microplus e que a fitoterapia, com os extratos dessa planta, pode ser utilizada como método alternativo para o controle de R. (B.) microplus.
Rollinia mucosa fruit has generated great interest due to the presence of bioactive compounds, which exhibit promising biological activities. Fingerprinting analytical techniques, chromatographic-diode array detection (DAD), infrared, mass spectrometric, 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, associated with chemometric analysis and mixture design, were used to determine chemical discriminations of sun-exposed and self-shaded leaves of Rollinia mucosa in each of the four seasons. Sunlit leaves in winter presented higher metabolite signals related to the acetogenins, whereas shaded leaves have higher abundances of carbohydrates and terpenes. Sunlit leaves harvested in the summer had the smallest metabolite abundances. Fingerprints confirmed the presence of two acetogenins, annonacin A and annonastatin. Ternary and quaternary mixtures of the statistical mixture design were most effective for revealing important discriminations.
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