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Fe, Co, and Ag particles grown on various CaF2 substrates have been studied using ultrahigh vacuum scanning electron microscopy with nanometer resolution. Fe and Co show a very high nucleation density which is remarkably independent of deposition temperature in the range 20<T<300 °C, on both bulk CaF2(111), and on thin CaF2(111) films grown on Si(111). This feature is characteristic of nucleation at defect sites with a high trapping energy. An atomistic nucleation model has been extended to cover this case. The comparison with experiment requires adsorption, pair binding, and defect trapping energies all to be around 1 eV. The trapping sites occupy 1% of the surface, and are thought to be chemical (F-vacancy, oxide, or hydroxide) in nature. In contrast, the growth of Ag on the same substrates shows a more usual nucleation and growth pattern, though the growth of Ag on Fe islands shows interesting features which are discussed. A self-similar coalescence model is tested using the data obtained. The agreement is excellent for Ag, while Co and Fe show the expected deviations due to limited surface diffusion around the islands.

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Emission and emittance measurements of electron beams generated from Cu and diamond photocathodes A unique approach to photocathode operation is described in this article. We utilize a relatively large bandgap CsBr photocathode material that under normal conditions would not photoemit with radiation energy less than the bandgap plus the work function. However, the material can be activated by proper UV illumination to obtain photoemission at wavelengths as long as 532 nm. Photoyields as high as several hundred nA/ mW and current densities greater than 100 A / cm 2 have been routinely obtained with lifetimes (50% degradation) well in excess of 200 h at 257 nm. The performance of the photocathode meeting all the requirements for a multi-electron-beam pattern generator will be presented.

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The effects of age on event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited during a two-tone discrimination ("oddball") task were examined in 97 normal subjects aged from 17-80 years. Strong relationships were found between age and the latencies of the later ERP components N200 and P300. Furthermore the correlation between age and N200 latency at Pz was marginally higher than that of age and P300 latency. For the entire sample, the increase in P300 latency as a function of age was best described at Cz and Pz by linear regression equations. However, a segmented line model better described the P300/age relationship at Fz--the increase in P300 latency with age in subjects over 61 was five times that of subjects younger than 61 years. In this study the task required button-press identification of the targets--the significance of increased age and a delay in N200 latency is discussed with reference to the possibility of N200 latency indexing the speed of cognitive processing.