Eye movement response to a facial stimulus in schizophrenia

Gordon, Evian; Coyle, S. T.; Anderson, John W.; Healey, Patrick G. T.; Cordaro, J.; Latimer, Cyril; Meares, Russell

doi:10.1016/0006-3223(92)90251-t

Cited by 72 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Dysfunction in this system may then exacer bate the impairments seen in affect judge ment and recognition memory for faces in this study. That schizophrenic subjects are abnor mal in their attention to faces is further sug gested by the work of Gordon et al [ 11 ] show ing that schizophrenic subjects, when asked to examine a face, scan the face in an abnormal pattern and devote less time to the facial fea tures that may convey emotion or identity, such as the eyes and mouth. We tentatively suggest that the dysfunction of this putative attentional system may relate to neurochemi cal abnormalities in the basolateral circuit in schizophrenia [12],…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Affect Judgement and Facial Recognition Memory in Schizophrenia

1994

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Two experiments are described in which the performance of schizophrenic subjects was investigated, using tests of affect judgement and recognition memory for faces (Warrington), words, and semi-abstract patterns. Schizophrenic subjects were impaired in their ability to describe the emotional states portrayed by actors and presented on video and were more likely to comment on the physical description of the actor or to fail to comment on the emotion at all. Performance on the Warrington Recognition Memory Test for faces suggests a marked impairment in schizophrenia, although impaired performance on recognition memory tests for words and patterns indicates that this abnormality may not be specific for faces.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Affect Judgement and Facial Recognition Memory in Schizophrenia

1994

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“…Furthermore, these techniques could be used to assess the functional underpinnings of face recognition deficits in certain clinical populations [e.g., autism spectrum disorder (46)(47)(48), prosopagnosia (49)(50)(51), schizophrenia (52,53)] and could be a useful starting point for the development and continued assessment of rehabilitation efforts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Looking just below the eyes is optimal across face recognition tasks

Peterson

Eckstein

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

266

316

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When viewing a human face, people often look toward the eyes. Maintaining good eye contact carries significant social value and allows for the extraction of information about gaze direction. When identifying faces, humans also look toward the eyes, but it is unclear whether this behavior is solely a byproduct of the socially important eye movement behavior or whether it has functional importance in basic perceptual tasks. Here, we propose that gaze behavior while determining a person's identity, emotional state, or gender can be explained as an adaptive brain strategy to learn eye movement plans that optimize performance in these evolutionarily important perceptual tasks. We show that humans move their eyes to locations that maximize perceptual performance determining the identity, gender, and emotional state of a face. These optimal fixation points, which differ moderately across tasks, are predicted correctly by a Bayesian ideal observer that integrates information optimally across the face but is constrained by the decrease in resolution and sensitivity from the fovea toward the visual periphery (foveated ideal observer). Neither a model that disregards the foveated nature of the visual system and makes fixations on the local region with maximal information, nor a model that makes center-of-gravity fixations correctly predict human eye movements. Extension of the foveated ideal observer framework to a large database of real-world faces shows that the optimality of these strategies generalizes across the population. These results suggest that the human visual system optimizes face recognition performance through guidance of eye movements not only toward but, more precisely, just below the eyes.natural systems analysis | face processing | saccades D etermining a person's identity, emotional state, and gender is an inherently complex computational problem that has represented a formidable challenge for computer vision systems (1). However, humans demonstrate an impressive ability to perform these tasks (2) accurately within one or two fixations (3) over a large range of spatial scales, head orientations, and lighting. Not surprisingly, the human brain contains areas specialized for the detection and identification of faces (4), as well as for processing their emotional valence (5). While recognizing faces, identifying emotions, or discriminating gender, humans also use a consistent selective sampling of visual information from the eye region and, to a lesser extent, the mouth region through both overt (eye movements) and covert attention mechanisms (6-10). For example, Schyns et al. (8) found that the visual information from the eye region is the main factor determining decisions about a face's identity and gender, whereas Smith et al. (11) found that decisions about a face's emotional valence are driven by both the eye and mouth regions. Furthermore, eye movements have been shown to target the upper face area predominantly. Several studies using long viewing conditions have shown that the eye region attracts t...

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“…We further assessed the type of eye scanning behavior during face processing that promotes successful subsequent recognition in younger and older adults by comparing initial viewing behavior for those faces that are later recognized versus those that are not, analogous to methods from neuroimaging studies that have assessed the neural recruitment related to subsequent recognition (e.g., Brewer et al, 1998;Wagner et al, 1998). Numerous studies have examined differences in eye movement scanning behavior between neuropsychological patients and neurologically intact controls for faces (Althoff et al, 1998;Gordon et al, 1992;Manor et al, 1999;Streit et al, 1997); however, similar paradigms have not been implemented to examine age-related changes in face process. Here we report, to the best of our knowledge, the first empirical investigation into age-related differences in face processing as assessed by eye movement behavior.…”

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confidence: 99%

Age-Related Deficits in Face Recognition are Related to Underlying Changes in Scanning Behavior

Firestone

Turk‐Browne

Ryan

2007

Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition

103

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Previous studies demonstrating age-related impairments in recognition memory for faces are suggestive of underlying differences in face processing. To study these differences, we monitored eye movements while younger and older adults viewed younger and older faces. Compared to the younger group, older adults showed increased sampling of facial features, and more transitions. However, their scanning behavior was most similar to the younger group when looking at older faces. Moreover, while older adults exhibited worse recognition memory than younger adults overall, their memory was more accurate for older faces. These findings suggest that age-related differences in recognition memory for faces may be related to changes in scanning behavior, and that older adults may use social group status as a compensatory processing strategy.

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Eye movement response to a facial stimulus in schizophrenia

Cited by 72 publications

References 9 publications

Affect Judgement and Facial Recognition Memory in Schizophrenia

Affect Judgement and Facial Recognition Memory in Schizophrenia

Looking just below the eyes is optimal across face recognition tasks

Age-Related Deficits in Face Recognition are Related to Underlying Changes in Scanning Behavior

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