Aim. Study epizootological and epidemiological features of brucellosis on the territory of the Republic of Tajikistan under the conditions of social-economic transformation with evaluation of width and scale of its spread, as well as reasons of the present situation. Materials and methods. Official statistics data, results of expert evaluations, reports, analytical material of national and international organizations, results of clinical and epidemiological analysis were used. Descriptive-evaluative epidemiologic methods, serologic studies of samples obtained from humans, animals, environmental objects between 2000 and 2013; mapping using GIS-technology, as well as statistical analysis were used. Techniques of calculation of DALY index and population infection risk parameter were used. Results. Features of situation by brucellosis were detected, that lay in its wide spread among humans and agricultural animals, changes in morbidity structure, as well as character of its seasonal and territorial spread, connected with predominant effect of social risk factors. Conclusion. Contemporary situation for brucellosis in the Republic of Tajikistan is characterized by a pronounced non-welfare and determined by acting social-economic conditions. The main factors are changes in the conditions of conducting agricultural activity against the background of high level of unemployment and external work migration.
Objective: To evaluate the spectrum of antibacterial activity of plants growing in the central part of the Republic of Tajikistan. Methods: The antibacterial properties of 18 plant species from the 14 families were studied. The extract samples on dry filter discs were prepared according to the method developed at Rutgers University. Screens-to-Nature (STN) and disc diffusion (DD) methods were used to assess antimicrobial properties of the extracts. The antimicrobial activity of plant extracts was determined against four types of pathogenic standard museum strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, as well as by using the same types of microorganisms isolated from inpatients (the hospital strains). Results: Ethanol extract from leaves of Artemisia absinthium demonstrated a broad-spectrum high degree of antimicrobial activity against both reference and hospital strains of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. The Morus nigra extract also showed broad-spectrum activity, however overall antibacterial activity was lower than in A. absinthium. In general, tested extracts were less effective against E. coli. None of the 18 tested extracts showed activity against K. pneumoniae. Conclusions: Artemisia absinthium and Morus nigra have a broad-spectrum antimicrobial effect and differ only in the degree of activity. The extracts of Amaranthus tricolor and Arctium tomentosum, Indigofera tinctoria, Punica granatum were characterized by a somewhat narrower spectrum of action. Mentha arvensis and Allium suworowii had approximately the same degree of inhibitory ability.
Objective: То study of antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity, and content of polyphenols in the bulb and aerial parts of an endemic species of onion A. schugnanicum. Methods: An ethanol-based extract was prepared from fresh plants. Total polyphenolic content (Folin) and ABTS antioxidant capacity assays were used to characterized extracts. Extracts obtained from bulbs, peduncle, and seeds demonstrated antibacterial activity against the reference Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 4929), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 4930) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 4927) strains, as well as against the hospital strains of the same types of bacteria, i.e. strains isolated from inpatient surgical patients. Results: The study found that ethanol extracts obtained from all organs of A. schugnanicum exhibit high inhibitory activity against the hospital and reference strains. In relation to reference then to hospital strains ethanol extracts were more active. The greatest bactericidal effect on both strains was exhibited by the bulb extracts. The extracts did not inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli. Fungicidal action characterized by growth inhibition zone of bulb and seeds, respectively. The extract obtained from the peduncle of this plant exhibited smaller inhibitory activity. The antioxidant capacity of A. schugnanicum different parts are shown in all the parts had a large antioxidant activity with dominating antioxidant capacity in seeds. The highest polyphenol level was found in the bulb. Conclusions: The study showed that A. schugnanicum may be a prospective species for developing botanical therapeutics. Keywords: Allium schugnanicum, medicinal plants, growth inhibition, extracts, antioxidant activity, hospital strains of bacteria, reference strains of bacteria
Aim. To determine the total polyphenols and antioxidant capacity and their correlation with antimicrobial and fungicidal properties in some species of the genus Allium growing in Tajikistan.Materials and methods. The objects of the study were 15 kinds of the Amaryllidaceae family. Antibacterial onions were studied by the disk diffusion method against 4 types of microorganisms (test strains) and 1 type of yeast fungus. In the presence of total polyphenols, the content in μg of Gallic acid (GA) per ml of plant extract was measured. To determine the antioxidant activity, a solution of ABTS K2S2O8 was used. Trolox was used as a standard.Results. The maximum content of total polyphenols is characterized by ethanol extracts of A. Carolinianum, A. altaicum, A. elatum, A. oschaninii, A. ramosum, A. hymenorhisum. At the same time, their lowest amount was found in the bulbs of A. longicuspis. A. shoenoprasum, which is statistically significantly lower than in all the above-listed species of this plant group. The extracts from the stems of A. carolinianum, A. elatum, and A. pamiricum had the highest antioxidant effect. There is a direct weak correlation between biologically active components with antimicrobial and fungicidal activity in A. oshaninii and A. suworowii, depending on the altitude gradient.Conclusions. The results allow suggesting that the above-ground and underground parts of some wild-growing endemic species of the genus Allium have different degrees of antioxidant activity due to total polyphenols. The content of total polyphenols and the antioxidant capacity of extracts obtained from various plants in different in large ranges. In some cases, there are direct correlations between the content of polyphenols, antioxidant properties, antimicrobial and fungal properties.
Aim. To conduct a comparative assessment of the fungicidal activity of widespread and endemic species of the genus Allium growing in Tajikistan.Material and methods. The initial ethanol extracts were obtained from fresh plants of 15 onion species from different climatic and geographical regions of the Republic of Tajikistan. The antifungal activity of species of the genus Allium was studied against the yeast-like fungi Candida albicans using the disk diffusion method.Results: The highest fungicidal effect on the reference strain of Candida albicans was demonstrated by alcoholic extracts of the widespread wild species A. elatum Regel, A. oschaninii O. Fedtsch, A. obliguum L, and endemic species A. shugnanicum Vved. Low antifungal activity was found in extracts of 4 widespread wild-growing plant species - A. altaicum Pall, A. suworowii Regel, A. carolinianum DC, A.longicuspis L.Conclusions. The antifungal activity of 13 species of widespread wild-growing and 2 endemic species (A.shugnanicum Vved and A. pamiricum Wendelbo) was studied for the first time. A. elatum Regel, A. oschaninii O. Fedtsch, A. obliguum L, and endemic species A. shugnanicum Vved had a maximal inhibitory effect on the yeast fungus. The extracts obtained from the bulbs and seeds of the studied plants are characterized by the highest antifungal activity.
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