The aim was to evaluate the analgesic activity of perindopril in chemical, thermal and mechanical pain on Swiss albino mice. A total of 54 albino mice (Swiss strain) weighing 25-30 g were allocated to each experimental model and in each model there were three groups. The control group received normal saline (25 ml/kg) per orally, standard group received pentazocine (10 mg/kg) intra-peritoneal and test groups received perindopril (1 mg/kg) per orally. Perindopril and normal saline was administered 2 h before, whereas the pentazocine was administered 15 min prior to Eddy's hot plate, writhing and tail clip methods. The decrease in number of writhes, the delay in reaction time in tail clip and Eddy's hot plate method denoted the analgesic activity. Perindopril decreased the number of writhes, delayed the reaction time in tail clip and Eddy's hot plate method considerably when compared with control (normal saline), but less when compared with standard (pentazocine). Perindopril exhibits analgesic activity in thermal, chemical, and mechanical pain models in albino mice.
Background: Analgesics selectively relieve pain by acting either on central or peripheral pain pathways. Recently, studies have shown accumulating evidence to implicate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) mediation in central and peripheral sensitization and visceral pain leading to the possibility that NMDAR antagonists may be useful in the treatment of pain. Aims and Objectives: (1) To evaluate analgesic activity of Pioglitazone (PIO) in mice. (2) To compare the analgesic activity of PIO with the standard drugs tramadol and aspirin, in mice. Materials and Methods: Albino mice were divided into four groups, containing six animals (n = 6) in each group (control, standard, and test group). Group-I: Control received saline solution 2 ml/kg orally, Group-II: Standard 1 received tramadol at a dose of 10 mg/ kg intraperitoneal, Group-III: Standard 2 received aspirin at a dose of 300 mg/kg orally, and Group-IV: Test received PIO at a dose of 20 mg/kg orally. PIO and normal saline were administered 30 min before, whereas the tramadol and aspirin were administered 15 min before writhing and tail clip methods. The decrease in number of writhes and the delay in reaction time in tail clip method denoted the analgesic activity. Results: PIO decreased the number of writhes and delayed the reaction time in tail clip method considerably when compared with control, but less when compared with standard drugs. Conclusion: PIO exhibits analgesic activity in both chemical and mechanical pain models in albino mice.
in clinical practice for a better patient recovery and good quality of life. The study involved a total 744 subjects of either gender, of which 68.10 % (n = 506) were males and 31.98% (n = 238) were females with their average age being 55.97 and 55.96 years, respectively. Chronopharmacological relevance was found with 28 drugs, of all antihypertensives were 25 including diuretics, i.e., 17 antihypertensives and 7 diuretics. Nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker to be administered in the morning, all of the 100% of subjects received the drug in the morning with excellent relevance to chronopharmacology. Amlodipine to be administered ideally in the morning was seen to be followed in 98% of subjects, while a fixed drug combination (FDC) of amlodipine and olmesartan (10 mg/40 mg) to be taken at night showed 100% correlation for chronopharmacology . Enalapril, an angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor,was given to 10 patients, of which 80% of patients received them at bedtime and followed appropriate chonopharmacology for the drug. Telmisartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, has shown only 30% relevance as bedtime administration. Beta blockers such as propranolol and metoprolol showed only 79% and 50% of bedtime and morning relevance, respectively. Diuretics are ideally prescribed in the morning. FDC of furosemide with amiloride (40 mg/5 mg) and furosemide with spironolactone (20 mg/50 mg) have followed the chronopharmacology in 100% of subjects. Furosemide alone was administered in the morning in only 60% of subjects. Conclusion: A very few antihypertensive and all of the diuretics have shown chronopharmacological relevance with their time of administration. A few like telmisartan and other FDC of diuretics have shown poor relevance to chronopharmacology. This could be because of the lack of knowledge of chronopharmacology and circadian rhythm. In conclusion, the timing of drug administration is in good relevance to standard chronopharmacology. This study has provoked the need for updating the knowledge of chronopharmacology and its application
Background: Pioglitazone (PIO), a Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor γ (PPAR-γ) agonist, is an oral anti-diabetic agent belonging to the group of thiazolidinediones-TZDs used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 in monotherapy and in combination with a sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin.Methods: All animals were allowed to acclimatize with laboratory conditions at least two weeks before starting the experiment and they were maintained under the same condition throughout the experiment. They were given food and water ad libitum. The experiments were performed as per the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision on Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) guidelines. The animals were subjected to experimentation between 0900-1600 hours in noise free atmosphere with ambient temperature 23-300ºC.Results: There was no significant reduction in the within group comparisons of the basal and final scores in locomotor activity.Conclusions: The standard and test groups failed to produce any significant reduction in locomotor activity in the intergroup comparison as well as compared to normal control.
Background: Worldwide, 47.5 million people have dementia, with just over half (58%) living in low- and middle-income countries. Every year, there are 7.7 million new cases. The estimated proportion of the general population aged 60 and over with dementia at a given time is between 5 to 8 per 100 people. The total number of people with dementia is projected to be 75.6 million in 2030 and almost triple by 2050 to 135.5 million.Methods: All animals were allowed to acclimatize with laboratory conditions at least two weeks before starting the experiment and they were maintained under the same condition throughout the experiment. They were given food and water ad libitum. The experiments were performed as per the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision on Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) guidelines. The animals were subjected to experimentation between 0900-1600 hours in noise free atmosphere with ambient temperature 23-300ºC.Results: The Pioglitazone treated groups showed statistically significant results in the SDL when compared to the control group (p<0.01 on both days) and the scopolamine group (p<0.01 on both days) on both acquisition day and retention day.Conclusions: There was no significant difference in SDL in standard and Pioglitazone treated groups on both acquisition day and retention day.
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