Elemental diets are considered an effective primary treatment for active Crohn's disease. This study examined the hypothesis that improvement occurs because of the presence of amino acids or the low fat content, or both.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the composition of trans fatty acids in the subcutaneous fat of Canadians relative to the composition of dietary sources of trans fatty acids. The fatty acid composition, total trans acid content, and the geometric and positional isomer distribution of unsaturated fatty acids of subcutaneous adipose tissue of Canadians were determined using a combination of capillary gas-liquid chromatography and silver nitrate thin-layer chromatography. The mean total trans fatty acid content was 6.80% at the abdominal site and 5.80% at the lateral thigh site. Total trans isomers of linoleic acid (18:2n-6) were present at 1.17% in abdominal and 1.59% in thigh adipose tissue, with 9c.12t-18:2 being the most prevalent isomer followed by 9c-13t-18:2 and 9t,12c,-18:2. The oleic acid (18:1) trans isomer distribution in adipose tissue differed from that in butter fat, but it was similar to that in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. The reverse was true for the 18:1 cis isomers. Total 18:1 trans isomers were inversely related to 18:2n-6 content in adipose tissue, suggesting the trans fatty acid intake is inversely related to the intake of linoleic acid. Partially hydrogenated vegetable oils appear to be the major source of trans fatty acids in adipose tissue of Canadians.
SummaryEl or mavbe further metabolized to arachidonic acid (20:4w6).Pregnant zinc deficient and zinc adequate rats were injected subcutaneously with evening primrose oil throughout gestation and for 3 days post partum. The nursing pups were injected intragastrically with zinc-65 on day 3 of life and sacrificed 4 h later. The % of the total injected zinc recovered in the carcass (minus the gut and gut contents) was significantly increased in those pups nursed by mothers injected with evening primrose oil, regardless of their dietary zinc intake. The fatty acid composition of the total lipid extract of the gut and gut contents of the neonates with increased zinc-65 absorption indicated that these pups had higher proportions of arachidonic acid and other metabolites of linoleic acid than did those with lower zinc-65 absorption. In other 3-day-old rat pups, intragastric injection of linoleic, gamma-linolenic or dihomo-gamma-linolenic acids along with the dose of zinc-65 very significantly increased zinc65 absorption in a dose-related manner. Arachidonic acid however had no significant effect on zinc-65 absorption. Prostaglandin El caused a significant increase in zinc-65 absorption but prostaglandin Ez had no consistent effect. Indomethacin caused a dose-related inhibition of zinc-65 absorption. SpeculationThe increase in absorption of zinc-65 in neonatal rats suckled by mothers previously treated with evening primrose oil (81% essential fatty acids) is probably due to the transfer, in the breast milk, of increased amounts of the essential fatty acids-linoleic, gamma-linolenic, and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid-and possibly prostaglandin El. It is suggested that this observation can account in part for the fact that human breast milk increases the absorption of zinc by human infants when compared with cow's milk formulae. The data would furthermore indicate that the onset of the symptoms of acrodermatitis enteropathica, which invariably occurs on weaning from human breast milk, may be exacerbated by the significantly lower essential fatty acid content of cow's milk or milk formulae compared to human breast milk. Essential fatty acids and possibly some of their metabolites such a s prostaglandin El, which are present in human breast milk, may therefore be important for adequate zinc absorption in the neonatal period.~i a c h i d o i i c acid is the precursor of the 2 series prosta'glandins which include prostaglandin Ep and F2". Remission occurs in some infants for whom breast feeding is resumed (4) and has also been shown to occur in three infants administered an intravenous fat emulsion containing cottonseed oil (26); however, feeding infants with AE on cow's milk or milk formulae invariably worsens their condition. In fact it is often the transfer of the infant from breast milk to cow's milk that exacerbates the disease and allows the initial diagnosis of AE to be made.The questions therefore arise: if AE is a disorder of zinc absorption, why do infants with AE respond positively to breast milk but not to cow's milk...
Peripheral blood leucocytes from patients with Crohn's disease have been shown to have lower zinc content than those from a normal population. Since zinc influences essential fatty acid metabolism, incorporation of 14C-linoleic and 3H-arachidonic acids was studied in peripheral blood leucocytes from controls and patients with Crohn's disease. The zinc content of the leucocytes was also measured. After incubation for 2 h, content of 3H-arachidonic acid, but not 14C-linoleic acid, was greater in Crohn's disease leucocytes than in controls. In the Crohn's disease leucocytes, incorporation of both labelled fatty acids into the phosphatidylcholine fraction was significantly lower than in controls, whereas the amount of both fatty acids remaining in the leucocytes as free fatty acids was increased by 70%. In Crohn's disease, leucocyte zinc level was positively associated with the percentage of 3H-arachidonic acid incorporation into phosphatidylcholine. We conclude that peripheral blood leucocytes from patients with Crohn's disease have abnormal essential fatty acid metabolism and that 3H-arachidonic acid incorporation into the phosphatidylcholine fraction of leucocyte lipids in Crohn's disease varies as the zinc content of the leucocytes.
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