For solid fuels ash melting temperature is recommended to be higher than 1000°C, so that it can be used in automated furnaces; therefore-promising energy crops are investigated as renewable energy source. This paper presents the results of tests on melting temperature of different energy crop ashes.The field trial was carried out in the study farm of the Latvia University of Agriculture "Pēterlauki" (56°53'N, 23°71'E) in the sod calcareous soils characterized by pH KCl 6.7, P 52 mg kg-1, K 128 mg kg-1, organic matter content from 21 to 25 g kg-1 in the soil. Energy crops analysed: reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), birch (Betula pendula Roth.), osier (Salix spp.), grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench), poplar (Populus tremula L.), hybrid aspen (Populus tremuloides x Populus tremula). Results indicate that the ash melting temperature (D, St, Ht, Ft) for the wood energy crops were higher than for the studied grass energy crops and their mixture. Ash melting temperature in all phases over 1200°C was observed for such poplar and hybrid aspen mixture proportions: 3 parts of wood and 1 part of reed canary grass, or 1 part of wood and 1 part of reed canary grass.
Abstract. Within the territory of Latvia, grass biomass currently is considered to be one of the alternative sources for pellet production in the Baltic region and Northern Europe. The examined energy crops are characteristic with the persistence to the local climatic conditions and high biomass yield from 1 ha. The field trial was carried out during 2011-2013 in the research and study farm "Pēterlauki" (56º53'N, 23º71'E) of the Latvia University of Agriculture, in sod calcareous soils pH KCl 6.7, containing available for plants P -52 mg·kg -1 , K -128 mg·kg -1 , organic matter content 21 to 25 g·kg -1 in the soil. The field test fertiliser norms applied were the following (kg ha -1 ): N 0 P 0 K 0 (control), P 2 O 5 -80, K 2 0 -120 (F -background), F + N 30 , F + N 60 , F+N 90 . Research objects: reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), festulolium (× Festulolium Asch. & Graebn.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) are perennials yielding for 8 -10 years, plant length up to 1.5 m. The sulphur content in the energy crops was 0.10 ± 0.01 %. The sulphur content in reed canary grass, festulolium, tall fescue and timothy was dependent (p < 0.005) on the growing year and the nitrogen fertilizer rate, and on the interaction between the growing year and nitrogen additional fertiliser contribution amount. That means that the air temperature and the amount of precipitation during the plant growth period are of great importance.Keywords: sulphur content, grass pellets sulphur content. IntroductionSulphur (S), just like chlorine, composes mainly gaseous SO2 and alkali and alkaline earth sulphates, which promotes corrosion of heating boiler elements [1] and contributes to emissions of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere, the ratio of sulphur in herbaceous biomass usually is 0.1-0.2 %.However, the researchers I. Obernberger, T. Brunner, G. Bärnthaler (2006) showed that 40-70 % of sulphur found in the biomass fuel turned into ashes and the rest -into gas (aerosols and SO 2 ). The researchers also note that the concentration of S, which is higher than 0.1 % (dry matter), may cause corrosion problems, like too high levels of Cl. It has been found that the S ratio, which exceeds 0.2 % (dry matter), can lead to the emissions of SO x .The highest sulphur concentration is in straw. Cl and S in biomass are in the form of organic particles, but for the most part as the inorganic salts. Most of these substances are released during the combustion of carbon [2; 3]. The emissions of NO x and SO x , which are nitrogen or sulphur compounds, contribute to greenhouse gas emissions or acidification. There is almost no sulphur in wood (0.02-0.06 %). The sulphur content in peat is 0.1-0.4 %, S in Latvian peat is 0.3 %, if the ash content is 5 %, and S is 0.5 %, if the ash content in peat is 10 %. The sulphur content in biomass is insignificant -from 0.02 % to 2 % [4]. Increased amount of sulphur in fuel contributes to the emission of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere.Sulphur oxides are a result of fu...
<p class="Standard">The study shows results of research on heavy metals concentration in biomass of common reed, hemp and Reed canary grass. The research of common reed was performed during winter period from 2010 until 2012 in 11 natural and artificial water bodies of Latvia. For the harvested biomass in the spring of 2009 and 2010, hemp and reed canary grass samples were investigated.</p><p class="Standard">For the collected common reed samples the heavy metal content (Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Fe) was established in the biomass. For the hemp and reed canary grass samples, Cd and Pb content were established in the biomass. On the basis of the findings of this research, the suitability of the plant biomass for energy production was analyzed.</p><p class="Standard">The heavy metal content in the common reed biomass is suitable for the requirements of solid biofuel. Common reed from all the reed beds of the Latgale (region of Latvia) can be collected in one place and used for the production of fuel. The removal of common reed will help to reduce the heavy metal content in the natural waters and sediment of the reed beds.</p><p class="Standard">In the hemp and reed canary grass samples the heavy metals were ascertained periodically. It was found that in some of the research samples they exceeded the MAC for fuel.</p>
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