Abstract. Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) are the main chemical elements that determine the heating value of fuels. By combustion of biomass, C and H oxidize in an exothermic reaction. The carbon content in biomass is considerably higher (~45 %) than the hydrogen content (~6.5 %). In contrast, the heating value of H is approximately seven times higher than that of C. The more hydrogen per carbon, the lower the oxidation state and the more energy that will be released during the oxidation reaction, which is characterized by C/H ratio. In our study, the highest carbon content was detected in the mixtures (1/3) of tall fescue with osier (46.6 %) and reed canary grass with grey alder (46.9 %), whereas the lowest values were detected in the mixtures (3/1) of tall fescue with hybrid aspen (43.7 %) and reed canary grass with osier (43.4 %). The highest hydrogen content was found in timothy (5.93 %) and birch (6.83 %). In grass biomass, H content was on average 6 % lower than in wood biomass.
-Hemp is suitable as a renewable energy resource. The aim of this study was to clarify local hemp's (Cannabis sativa L.) possibilities for energy use. Arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and titanium (Ti) presence in hemp was determined using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer Optima 2100 DV. If there were increased N fertilizer rates, there were increased hemp 'Pūriņi' seeds and shive yield increases, but the oil content was reduced. Arsenic content was higher in the shives than in the stems with fibre. The ash content depends on non-organic substances which the plants absorb during the vegetation season. The lignin content depends on several factors: plant parts, and the N fertilizer rate. The unexplored factors have a great effect on the ash and lignin content. Hemp is suitable for cultivation and for bio-energy production in the agro-climatic conditions in Latvia.
It was supposed that the inhibition of intestinal peristalsis seen in animals and humans after abdominal surgery might be related to the release of endorphins, endogenous opiate receptor agonists, caused by the surgical stress and pain. However, naloxone, a potent morphine and endorphin antagonist, failed to block this peristaltic inhibition in rats, which leaves the mechanism of this inhibition, and thus the function of intestinal endorphins, still very much in doubt.
In Latvia approximately of 14.6% of unfarmed agricultural land can be used for herbaceous energy crop growing. Herbaceous energy crops would be as the main basis for solid biofuel production in agricultural ecosystem in future. Herbaceous energy crops as hemp (Cannabis sativa) are grown in recent years and can be used for solid biofuel production. Experimentally stated hemp stalk material ultimate tensile strength the medium value is 85 ± 9 N mm-2. The main conditioning operation before preparation of herbaceous biomass compositions for solid biofuel production is shredding. Therefore hemp stalks were used for cutting experiments. Cutting using different types of knives mechanisms had been investigated. Specific shear cutting energy for hemp samples were within 0.02 – 0.04 J mm-2. Hemp stalk material density was determined using AutoCAD software for cross-section area calculation. Density values are 325 ± 18 kg m-3 for hemp stalks. Specific cutting energy per mass unit was calculated on basis of experimentally estimated values of cutting energy and density.
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