The paper presents the results of evaluation of reed resources in Latvia largest lake Lubans and for comparison in the small lake Kovshu. The investigation proved that resources of reeds are sufficient to replace from 2 to7 thousand tons of different fossil fuel. Measured reed physical properties- carbon quality, ash content and structure, moisture content proved that reeds are profitable fuel for heat energy production.
The study reveals research of ash content in different composite biomass fuels. It contains analysis of samples obtained from various local Latvian biomass types, i.e. reed, wood, hemp, flax shives and peat, by combining them in different proportions. Ash is a by-product derived from combustion process consisting mostly of inorganic substances that are left after a fuel is burnt. High level of ash content in a fuel is undesirable because it causes problems in automation of biomass combustion process. Previous studies carried out by the author show that average ash content in reeds is 2%, which is a high index comparing with wood where ash content is approximately 0,5-1%. Thus, the high ash content in reeds my cause problems in reed combustion in solid fuel boilers. Besides, it is not possible to ensure permanent reed collection that would ensure continuous reed fuel generating process all year long. In order to reduce the ash content to the optimal level and to diversify raw materials necessary for biomass fuel generating process, the author suggests using composite fuels by combining different biomass types. The study contains optimal combining proportions of different biomass types for composite fuel production basing on the ash content in them.
For solid fuels ash melting temperature is recommended to be higher than 1000°C, so that it can be used in automated furnaces; therefore-promising energy crops are investigated as renewable energy source. This paper presents the results of tests on melting temperature of different energy crop ashes.The field trial was carried out in the study farm of the Latvia University of Agriculture "Pēterlauki" (56°53'N, 23°71'E) in the sod calcareous soils characterized by pH KCl 6.7, P 52 mg kg-1, K 128 mg kg-1, organic matter content from 21 to 25 g kg-1 in the soil. Energy crops analysed: reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), birch (Betula pendula Roth.), osier (Salix spp.), grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench), poplar (Populus tremula L.), hybrid aspen (Populus tremuloides x Populus tremula). Results indicate that the ash melting temperature (D, St, Ht, Ft) for the wood energy crops were higher than for the studied grass energy crops and their mixture. Ash melting temperature in all phases over 1200°C was observed for such poplar and hybrid aspen mixture proportions: 3 parts of wood and 1 part of reed canary grass, or 1 part of wood and 1 part of reed canary grass.
Abstract. Within the territory of Latvia, grass biomass currently is considered to be one of the alternative sources for pellet production in the Baltic region and Northern Europe. The examined energy crops are characteristic with the persistence to the local climatic conditions and high biomass yield from 1 ha. The field trial was carried out during 2011-2013 in the research and study farm "Pēterlauki" (56º53'N, 23º71'E) of the Latvia University of Agriculture, in sod calcareous soils pH KCl 6.7, containing available for plants P -52 mg·kg -1 , K -128 mg·kg -1 , organic matter content 21 to 25 g·kg -1 in the soil. The field test fertiliser norms applied were the following (kg ha -1 ): N 0 P 0 K 0 (control), P 2 O 5 -80, K 2 0 -120 (F -background), F + N 30 , F + N 60 , F+N 90 . Research objects: reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), festulolium (× Festulolium Asch. & Graebn.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) are perennials yielding for 8 -10 years, plant length up to 1.5 m. The sulphur content in the energy crops was 0.10 ± 0.01 %. The sulphur content in reed canary grass, festulolium, tall fescue and timothy was dependent (p < 0.005) on the growing year and the nitrogen fertilizer rate, and on the interaction between the growing year and nitrogen additional fertiliser contribution amount. That means that the air temperature and the amount of precipitation during the plant growth period are of great importance.Keywords: sulphur content, grass pellets sulphur content. IntroductionSulphur (S), just like chlorine, composes mainly gaseous SO2 and alkali and alkaline earth sulphates, which promotes corrosion of heating boiler elements [1] and contributes to emissions of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere, the ratio of sulphur in herbaceous biomass usually is 0.1-0.2 %.However, the researchers I. Obernberger, T. Brunner, G. Bärnthaler (2006) showed that 40-70 % of sulphur found in the biomass fuel turned into ashes and the rest -into gas (aerosols and SO 2 ). The researchers also note that the concentration of S, which is higher than 0.1 % (dry matter), may cause corrosion problems, like too high levels of Cl. It has been found that the S ratio, which exceeds 0.2 % (dry matter), can lead to the emissions of SO x .The highest sulphur concentration is in straw. Cl and S in biomass are in the form of organic particles, but for the most part as the inorganic salts. Most of these substances are released during the combustion of carbon [2; 3]. The emissions of NO x and SO x , which are nitrogen or sulphur compounds, contribute to greenhouse gas emissions or acidification. There is almost no sulphur in wood (0.02-0.06 %). The sulphur content in peat is 0.1-0.4 %, S in Latvian peat is 0.3 %, if the ash content is 5 %, and S is 0.5 %, if the ash content in peat is 10 %. The sulphur content in biomass is insignificant -from 0.02 % to 2 % [4]. Increased amount of sulphur in fuel contributes to the emission of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere.Sulphur oxides are a result of fu...
In Latvia the total renewable energy resource volume has not been fully evaluated. Reed exploitation for energy output has not been developed on a large scale. One of the factors for this is the lack of information about to reed resource spread and characteristics. Therefore, there arises the need for a united inventory system – the formation of a reed cadaster. The study contains information on basic principles of reed cadastre creation and research methodologies. The reed cadaster is a list of the reed researches which contains information about the reed areas in Latvia, the volume and locations, the legal status, possibilities for exploitation, as well as the biomass qualities, in each specific water reservoir. For each water reservoir, which is included in the reed cadaster, a certificate and chart have been produced. Information about the reed locations in each specific lake have been shown on the cadaster chart; the boundaries of the water reservoir, the boundaries of the reed plants and areas, the natural habitat protected area boundaries, the district boundaries, as well as the access roads. The data for reed characteristics and accessible volumes is compiled in the water reservoir cadaster passport. Development for reed exploitation in the conditions of Latvia is dependent on the location, accessible volumes and existing infrastructure. Reeds are a long term renewable energy resource, with the spread of reeds increasing every year.
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