a b s t r a c tThe Power-to-Gas (PtG) process chain could play a significant role in the future energy system. Renewable electric energy can be transformed into storable methane via electrolysis and subsequent methanation.This article compares the available electrolysis and methanation technologies with respect to the stringent requirements of the PtG chain such as low CAPEX, high efficiency, and high flexibility.Three water electrolysis technologies are considered: alkaline electrolysis, PEM electrolysis, and solid oxide electrolysis. Alkaline electrolysis is currently the cheapest technology; however, in the future PEM electrolysis could be better suited for the PtG process chain. Solid oxide electrolysis could also be an option in future, especially if heat sources are available.Several different reactor concepts can be used for the methanation reaction. For catalytic methanation, typically fixed-bed reactors are used; however, novel reactor concepts such as three-phase methanation and micro reactors are currently under development. Another approach is the biochemical conversion. The bioprocess takes place in aqueous solutions and close to ambient temperatures.Finally, the whole process chain is discussed. Critical aspects of the PtG process are the availability of CO 2 sources, the dynamic behaviour of the individual process steps, and especially the economics as well as the efficiency.

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Fossil fuels have to be substituted by climate neutral fuels to contribute to CO 2 reduction in the future energy system. Pyrolysis of natural gas is a well-known technical process applied for production of, e. g., carbon black. In the future it might contribute to carbon dioxide-free hydrogen production. Production of hydrogen from natural gas pyrolysis has thus gained interest in research and energy technology in the near past. If the carbon by-product of this process can be used for material production or can be sequestrated, the produced hydrogen has a low carbon footprint. This article reviews literature on the state of the art of methane / natural gas pyrolysis process developments and attempts to assess the technology readiness level (TRL).

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A novel approach for the investigation of reaction kinetics using a polytropic miniplant reactor featuring a highly resolved fibre optic temperature measurement and FTIR gas phase analysis is presented for methanol synthesis.

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