Soil microorganisms such as Trichoderma asperellum and Gliocladium sp have the potential to become biological control agents in inhibiting the growth of fungi Botryodiplodia theobrome which causes stem rot disease in citrus plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of T.asperellum and Gliocladium sp fungi in inhibiting the growth of B. theobrome fungus causing stem end rot disease in citrus plants. The antagonistic test was carried out using the dual culture method using PDA media; observations were made on the growth of pathogenic fungi and antagonistic fungi to measure their inhibitory power. The results of the observation and calculation of the fungal growth rate were analyzed using the T test with a level of 5%. The pathogen fungal growth rate in the antagonistic test was slower than control and inhibition of B. theobrome by T.asperellum and Gliocladium sp were respectively at 78.67% and 84.56%. The mechanism of the two antagonistic fungi has the nature of competition and parasitism because of the broader inhibition spectrum than the pathogenic fungi. Keywords: Botryodiplodia theobromae, Trichoderma asperellum, Gliocladium sp, antagonistic test.
Organic wastes from plants that contain certain secondary metabolite compounds can be used as botanical pesticides. In this study, the plant wastes used were chrysanthemum flower, JC citrus peel and foliage of tobacco. The botanical pesticides were tested for their effectiveness against the main pests of citrus that were citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri and citrus aphids Toxoptera citricidus. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of botanical pesticides from plant wastes against both target pests. The three materials were extracted and processed by maceration method with methanol solvent. The test was arranged in a Randomized Block Design consisting of 12 treatments, that were the test concentration for each ingredient was 0.5 %; 0.75 % and 1 %, comparative chemical insecticides dimethoat and imidacloprid, and control. The treatment consisted of two units for each target pest and repeated 4 times. The test results showed that the botanical insecticide from tobacco foliage was the most effective against both target pests compared to those from chrysanthemums flower and JC citrus peel. The insecticide tested was more effective against citrus aphids T. citricidus compared to citrus psyllid D. citri, as evidenced by the shorter time to achieve the mortality. For tobacco insecticides, further testing with lower concentrations is needed to determine the exact and effective test concentration, so that the use of materials is more efficient.
Expert system technology of the citrus pest and diseases was created by Indonesian Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Institute (ICSFRI). This technology was developed to overcome problem with delayed disease monitoring. If the pest attack was not immediately resolved, it would cause more serious damages to the plant and would cause decreasing in the quantity and quality of the citrus yield. In order to anticipate the delay in control, an observation or monitoring carried out during the critical period of the plant was necessary to be done. This technology was in the form of a web-based or android-based program or software application system that was used to monitor citrus pest and disease. The use of this expert system application had been validated in several citrus center areas in Indonesia, i.e. Jember and Banyuwangi, East Java; Sambas - West Kalimantan; Barito Kuala - South Kalimantan and Bangli - Bali. Observation using this application, the data of pest and diseases status at a certain time and location were automatically be recorded in the system and immediately would be known whether or not the control was needed. Thus, the use of this technology as a tool for monitoring citrus pests and disease can be used as a reference for Early Warning System on citrus pest and disease control.
As a citrus pest, Toxoptera sp. is classified as the main pest because the impact of the attack causes losses to the quantity and quality of the yield. Alternative pest control within insecticides in addition to using a knapsack sprayer or power sprayer is using Bark Pesticide Applicator (BPA), which is a tool to apply systemic pesticides through citrus stems optimally and serves to improve the efficiency of controlling main pests, safe for natural enemies, and environmentally friendly. The study was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Indonesian Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Institute, Batu City, East Java, Indonesia from January to May 2018. This study compared the effectiveness of pesticide application devices using BPA and Power Sprayer (PS). The treatment was arranged using a randomized block design and repeated ten times. The test results showed that the application of pesticides with BPA was able to control aphids up to 93.84 % while PS was only able to suppress 29.48 %. Whiles the existence of natural enemies can be saved if the application of pesticides is carried out using BPA
Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) known as San Jose scale is one of the most destructive apple pests in the world. San Jose scale damage all parts of the apple crop throughout the year. The research was conducted to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of High-Pressure Water (HPW) to manage San Jose scale and the impact on non-target arthropods of apple crop. The observation of San Jose scale population at 24 plants was conducted every day. The observation of non-target arthropods was done visually with a radius of 1.5 meters, then identified up to family level. In addition, it was observed the effect of HPW to the apple crop by observing morphological and physiological changes of the stems on apple crop. The result showed the combination of HPW to the population of San Jose scale significantly different from controls (Pesticide application). Initial population of San Jose scale before application were 100-200 individuals, after application became 0-10 individuals, whereas the control population remained higher. Non target arthropods diversities increased after the application of HPW. Non target arthropods were consisted of 17% pests, 38% detrivor, 23% pollinators, 4% parasitoids, and 18% predators. High Pressure Water did not have negative effect on apple crop.
Citrus is one of the most consumed fruits. The projected demand for citrus fruit in 2015 - 2019 increased by 0.52% / kg / capita / year. However, citrus fruit production fluctuates every year. The average production of citrus fruits in 2011 - 2015 decreased by 1.49% per year. Decreased quality and quantity are due to pest attacks. Thrips attack the very young flower and fruit phase by injuring the surface of the fruit skin. The study was conducted from June to December 2017, in Glagahagung Village, Purwoharjo District, Banyuwangi Regency. The study used a randomized block design with four treatments using kaolin, surround, organim, and non-controlling, each repeated five times. The results of the study provided information that the use of kaolin continuously can suppress thrips pests up to 89.87%, while surround and organim supress up to 85.06% and 77.71% respectively, and can improve the quality of citrus fruits. Keywords: Kaolin, Surround, Thrips
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