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Cordyceps militaris is a medicinal mushroom in Asia in the twenty-first century, which cordycepin is a significant bioactive compound. This study investigated the effect of culture conditions and vegetable seed extract powder (VSEP) as a supplementary source of animal-free nitrogen on the production of cordycepin by C. militaris in liquid surface culture. The highest cordycepin production was observed under SBEP conditions, and 80 g/L of SBEP supplementation increased cordycepin production to 2.52 g/L, which was greater than the control (peptone). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to examine the transcription levels, and the results showed that supplementing with SBEP 80 g/L significantly increased the expression of genes associated with the carbon metabolic pathway, amino acid metabolism, and two key genes involved in the cordycepin biosynthesis (cns1 and NT5E) compared to peptone-supplemented culture. Under optimal culture conditions, the model predicted a maximum response of cordycepin production of 2.64 g/L at a working volume of 147.5 ml, an inoculum size of 8.8% v/v, and a cultivation time of 40.0 days. This optimized culture condition could be used to increase cordycepin production in large-scale bioreactors. Additional research can be conducted to assess the economic viability of this process.

Background/Aim: Human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hPMSCs) are multipotent and possess neurogenicity. Numerous studies have shown that Notch inhibition and DNA demethylation promote neural differentiation. Here, we investigated the modulation of autophagy during neural differentiation of hPMSCs, induced by DAPT and 5-Azacytidine. Materials and Methods: hPMSCs were treated with DAPT to induce neural differentiation, and the autophagy regulating molecules were used to assess the impact of autophagy on neural differentiation. Results: The hPMSCs presented with typical mesenchymal stem cell phenotypes, in which the majority of cells expressed CD73, CD90 and CD105. hPMSCs were multipotent, capable of differentiating into mesodermal cells. After treatment with DAPT, hPMSCs upregulated the expression of neuronal genes including SOX2, Nestin, and βIII-tubulin, and the autophagy genes LC3I/II and Beclin. These genes were further increased when 5-Azacytidine was co-supplemented in the culture medium. The inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine impeded the neural differentiation of hPMSCs, marked by the downregulation of βIII-tubulin, while the activation of autophagy by valproic acid (VPA) instigated the emergence of βIII-tubulin-positive cells. Conclusion: During the differentiation process, autophagy was modulated, implying that autophagy could play a significant role during the differentiation of these cells. The blockage and stimulation of autophagy could either hinder or induce the formation of neural-like cells, respectively. Therefore, the refinement of autophagic activity at an appropriate level might improve the efficiency of stem cell differentiation.

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Atrophic scars, a permanent complication of severe acne, have negative effect on psychology in adolescent. The treatment of atrophic scar is depended on types of scar and it is difficult to improve by a single treatment. Mesenchymal stem cell is a scientific approval for surgery scar treatment and wound healing. We present a case report of female presented with atrophic acne scar distributed on both cheeks. The case aims to prove that the combination of MSCs and aqueous human placenta extract (RGF ) contained bioactive therapeutic molecules obviously promoted the improvement of skin scar to reach the optimal outcomes. We first found that MSCs-contained human placenta extract solution combination subcision improves the atrophic acne scar and skin complexity by enhancement of skin cell regeneration.