The analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence is one of many ways to quantify the salt damage to photosynthetic performance and crop production. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the photochemical efficiency and production of coriander, cultivar ‘Verdão’, as a function of the electrical conductivity levels of the nutrient solution and the cationic nature. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of four electrical conductivities of the nutrient solutions (ECns = 1.6, 3.2, 4.8, and 6.4 dS m-1) and three kinds of water of different cationic natures (Na+; Ca2+; Mg2+), which were prepared with the dissolution of different salts - NaCl, CaCl2.2H2O, and MgCl2.6H2O in supply water (ECw = 0.12 dS m-1), that is, three predominant cationic natures. The study was carried out in a greenhouse between November and December 2019 at the Fertigation and Salinity Laboratory of the Agricultural Engineering Department of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. It was found that the increase in the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution affected reaction centers, photochemical activity, and carboxylation efficiency and resulted in reductions in stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation rate, and therefore, in the biomass production of coriander. Different cationic prevalence in water causes differences in the intensity of salt damage, especially with increasing concentration.
Pulse irrigation may be more advantageous for peanut crops than continuous irrigation, when using brackish water. However, studies on pulse irrigation with brackish water considering the environmental conditions of the Northeast region of Brazil using are incipient. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of using brackish water for pulse and continuous dripping irrigations on the grain yield and production characteristics of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) crops. A completely randomized block design with four repetitions was used, in a 6*2 factorial arrangement consisted of six electrical conductivities of the irrigation water (EC; 0.2, 1.6, 2.8, 4.0, 5.2, and 6.4 dS m-1) set by adding NaCl to the irrigation water, which originally had 0.2 dS m-1, until reaching the respective EC; and two irrigation methods (pulse and continuous). The evaluated variables were fresh and dry weights of shoot, 10 grains, pods, grains, and production; number of pods and grains; and percentages of empty pods (EP%) and perfect grains (PG%). The addition of salt to the irrigation water negatively affected all variables studied, except for EP% and PG%. The lowest EP% were found for the pulse irrigation, which increased the pod and grain yields, regardless of the EC of the irrigation water. Under the conditions of the present study, the use of brackish waters with electrical conductivities of up to 2.98 dS m-1 is viable for peanut production.
The use of brackish water to cultivate lettuce can cause nutritional imbalances, impairing production. In this context, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of salinity on the accumulation of dry matter of the aerial part and macronutrients K, Ca and Mg and their relations with Na in lettuce cultivars grown in a low-cost hydroponic system. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, in a 6 × 2 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of six electrical conductivities of the nutrient solution (1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5 dS m-1) and two lettuce cultivars, Betty [iceberg] and Mimosa [green-leaf]. Regardless of the evaluated cultivar, the increase in the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution reduced the accumulation of dry matter in the aerial part. In both cultivars, the increase in the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution reduced the accumulations of K and Mg and increased Na/K, Na/Ca and Na/Mg ratios. The green-leaf cv. Mimosa showed Ca and Mg accumulations higher than that in the iceberg cv. Betty, regardless of electrical conductivity. The increase in electrical conductivity reduced the accumulation of K, in both cultivars evaluated. The decreasing order in the accumulation of macronutrients and sodium in both cultivars was: K > Na > Ca > Mg.
The concentration and nature of ions directly influence ionic relationships between macronutrients and sodium, especially in the context of plants grown under saline conditions. The goal of this study was to analyze the efficiency of use of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S, the efficiency of Na accumulation, and the relationships between Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, and K+ after analysis of parsley, cultivar Graúda Portuguesa, plant tissues exposed to nutrient solutions prepared with brackish water with different cationic natures. The treatments consisted of exposing plants to nutrient solutions (ECns = 1.7, 2.7, 3.7, 4.7, 5.7, and 6.7 dS m-1) prepared with brackish water obtained by solubilizing different salts, NaCl, CaCl2.2H2O, MgCl2.6H2O, and KCl in supply water (ECw = 0.12 dS m-1). Two cultivation cycles were conducted, adopting a completely randomized experimental design in both (6 × 4 factorial scheme), with four replicates. The efficiency of the use of macronutrients and sodium accumulation was more affected by the cationic nature of the water at the highest concentration levels. Except for the Ca+2 - Mg+2 ratio, all other cationic ratios were affected by the increase in the concentration of salts in the nutrient solution.
HIGHLIGHTS Raising the flow rate of the nutrient solution with brackish water results in less water consumption in cauliflower. The water yield in cultivation of cauliflower depends on the chemical composition of the water used in the nutrient solution. The cauliflower production is viable in hydroponics using waters with electrical conductivities of up to 5.88 dS m-1.
O sorgo sacarino (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) vem se destacando na agroindústria como fonte promissora para produção de etanol devido ao seu alto teor de açúcar. Com isso, surge a necessidade de realizar mais estudos para avaliar as melhores formas de manejo da cultura. Objetivou-se avaliar as formas de manejo quanto ao parcelamento de adubação, época de corte para colheita e irrigação do sorgo sacarino, a fim de se buscar um arranjo que promova maior produtividade. O experimento foi conduzido a campo com delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas sub-subdivididas, com três repetições. Utilizou-se duas épocas de corte, de 90 e 120 dias após a semeadura (DAS), dois manejos de irrigação, 90 e 45 minutos diários, iniciados a partir da floração e adubação nitrogenada de cobertura com uma, duas e três adubações. Foram avaliados altura das plantas, diâmetro do colmo, massa verde de colmo e massa verde total, teor de sólidos solúveis, volume de caldo, volume sólidos solúveis, massa seca de colmo e massa seca total. A permanência das plantas em campo por mais 30 dias resulta em aumento da altura, massa verde de colmo e teor de sólidos solúveis. O tempo de irrigação de 45 minutos diários é suficiente para suprir a necessidade da cultura do sorgo em cultivos com condições similares a deste trabalho. O parcelamento da adubação de cobertura em três vezes não resulta em aumento significativo que justifique a adesão dessa prática, sendo recomendado o parcelamento em duas vezes com resultados similares ao parcelamento em três vezes, porém com menor custo de mão de obra no final do ciclo
An efficient water management in irrigation is essential to optimize water efficiency, especially when using brackish water. Thus, the present study was carried out aiming to analyze gas exchanges, pod production, and the water status of peanut plants under increasing levels of salinity (electrical conductivity of 0.12, 1.6, 2.8, 4.0, and 5.2 dS m-1) and the application of the irrigation depth via pulses. A randomized block design in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme was used with four replications, adding up to forty experimental units. The experiment was carried out in drainage lysimeters, at the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, in open fields from September to November 2019. It was concluded that the use of pulse drip irrigation did not mitigate the deleterious effect of salinity but promoted higher grain and pod production compared to continuous drip irrigation. It was also found that the use of brackish water via pulse drip irrigation promotes greater water use efficiency compared to continuous drip irrigation, and that the increase in the electrical conductivity of the water reduced the water, pressure, and osmotic potentials, along with the osmotic adjustment.
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