R E S U M OAs propriedades hidrodinâmicas dos solos de pastagem e de caatinga, são afetadas por diversos fatores, sobretudo associados a aspectos espaciais e temporais relacionados às diferentes características dos sistemas radiculares e das taxas de pisoteio do gado, mas poucos resultados que avaliem o efeito da magnitude dessas fontes de variabilidade sobre as propriedades hidrodinâmicas dos solos têm sido relatados na literatura. Objetivou-se analisar a variabilidade espacial dos parâmetros que descrevem as curvas de retenção (van Genuchten) e da condutividade hidráulica (Brooks & Corey) da água do solo, obtidos com a metodologia denominada "Beerkan", que se baseia em ensaios de infiltração simplificados e nas informações texturais do solo. Para isto foram realizadas medidas de infiltração e coletadas amostras de solo em duas áreas: uma área de pastagem (Brachiaria decumbens) e outra de caatinga. Os resultados mostraram que o uso do solo com pastagem alterou significativamente as propriedades analisadas quando comparadas com as do solo com caatinga, com alterações mais expressivas na densidade do solo e na condutividade hidráulica. A análise geoestatística identificou a existência de dependência espacial de alguns atributos estudados, permitindo o mapeamento das áreas experimentais. Spatial variability of hydrodynamic properties of a Regolithic Neosoil under pasture and 'caatinga' A B S T R A C TThe hydrodynamic properties of soils under pasture and 'caatinga' (native dry forest) are affected by several factors, mainly associated with spatial and temporal aspects, due to differing root characteristics or livestock trampling rates, but few results that evaluate the effect of the magnitude of these sources of variability in the hydrodynamic properties of soils have been reported in the literature. The objective of this study was to analyse the spatial variability of parameters of water retention (van Genuchten) and hydraulic conductivity (Brooks & Corey) curves, obtained with the "Beerkan" methodology based on simple infiltration experiments and soil texture data. These measures were obtained for two sampled areas: an area of pasture (Brachiaria decumbens) and another one of 'caatinga' . The results showed that the use of pasture altered significantly the analysed properties of soil when compared to the ones with the soil under 'caatinga' , and that the most significant changes were found in soil density and hydraulic conductivity. The geostatistic analysis identified the existence of spatial dependency of the studied attributes allowing the mapping of experimental areas. Palavras-chave:manejo do solo Beerkan geoestatística

ABSTRACT:In order to identify alternatives for the use of saline water in agricultural production, the effects of the use of brackish water in the preparation of the nutrient solution for the cultivation of sunflower (cv. EMBRAPA 122-V2000) were studied in hydroponic system on consumption and efficiency of water use for the production of achenes and biomass. A completely randomized design was used, analyzed in a 5x2 factorial scheme with three replications. The factors studied were five levels of salinity of nutrient solution (1.7 -control; 4.3; 6.0; 9.0; and 11.5dS m -1 ) and two plant densities -one or two plants per vessel. It was concluded that the water consumption of sunflower is a variable sensitive to the salinity of the nutrient solution, especially after the fourth week of crop, and that the efficiency of water use in the production of achenes and biomass of sunflower is greater when the plant density increases from one to two plants per vessel, even under saline stress.KEYWORDS: salinity, plant density, soilless culture, Helianthus annuus L.. EFICIÊNCIA DO USO DA ÁGUA PARA GIRASSOL CULTIVADO EM SISTEMA HIDROPÔNICO SOB ESTRESSE SALINORESUMO: Na busca por alternativas para a utilização de águas salinas na produção agrícola, estudaram-se os efeitos do uso da água salobra no preparo da solução nutritiva para o cultivo do girassol (cv. EMBRAPA 122-V2000), em sistema hidropônico, sobre o consumo e a eficiência de uso da água para a produção de aquênios e fitomassa. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, analisado em esquema fatorial 5x2, com três repetições, sendo estudados cinco níveis de salinidade da solução nutritiva (1,7 -testemunha; 4,3; 6,0; 9,0 e 11,5 dS m -1 ) e duas densidades de plantas -uma ou duas plantas por vaso. Concluiu-se que o consumo hídrico do girassol é uma variável sensível à salinidade da solução nutritiva, principalmente a partir da quarta semana de cultivo, e que a eficiência do uso da água na produção de aquênios e fitomassa pelo girassol é maior quando a densidade de plantio aumenta de uma para duas plantas por vaso, inclusive sob estresse salino. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: salinidade, densidade de plantio, cultivo sem solo, Helianthus annuus L..

The objective was to evaluate the growth and yield of sugarcane irrigated with brackish water and leaching fractions. A completely randomized experimental design was used, in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of five irrigation water salinity levels (0.5, 2.0, 3.5, 5.0 and 6.5 dS m-1) and two leaching fractions (0 and 0.17), corresponding to 100 and 120% of the crop evapotranspiration. The irrigation management was performed daily. Irrigation water salinity levels were obtained by adding NaCl and CaCl2 to the public-supply water, in order to obtain a molar ratio between Na:Ca of 1:1. The following measurements were taken: height and stem diameter; number of tillers; number of leaves and leaf area with monthly frequency between 60 and 300 days after planting (DAP). It was concluded that irrigation water salinity negatively influenced the variables of growth and yield in the sugarcane, and the leaching fraction of 0.17 was capable of reducing the deleterious effects of the salts on the plants.

A análise do comportamento de crescimento das plantas em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento permite a racionalização temporal do manejo das culturas em função de exigências e tolerâncias em etapas específicas do ciclo. Com o presente trabalho, buscou-se estudar o crescimento do girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) cv. EMBRAPA 122-V2000, cultivado em sistema hidropônico sob estresse salino e diferentes densidades de plantio. Testaram-se cinco níveis de salinidade da solução nutritiva (1,7 – testemunha; 4,3; 6,0; 9,0 e 11,5 dS m-1) e duas densidades de plantio  (uma ou duas plantas por vaso) em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, analisado em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 com três repetições, totalizando 30 unidades experimentais. Verificou-se que a densidade de plantio não reduziu os índices de crescimento do girassol, no entanto, todas as variáveis estudadas foram influenciadas negativamente pelo estresse salino, especialmente a partir da condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva de 6 dS m-1.

This study was installed to evaluate the effect of pulse drip irrigation under different water depth levels (fertigation) in the main water relations of coriander crop (Coriandrum sativum). The experiment was installed under protected environment conditions, at UFRPE, Recife, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 2x5 factorial scheme, with three replications. Treatments consisted of two application types (continuous and pulsed irrigation), and five water depths with replacement of 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc). Water demand was estimated through water balance using a drainage lysimetry. Six irrigation pulses were defined with a 60-minute-rest interval between two successive applications. Plants irrigated by pulses showed higher water productivity values (fresh and dry mass), higher water content (shoot and root), higher shoot mass production index and lower root mass production index and root-shoot ratio. The reduction of applied fertigation water depths increased plant water stress index. The irrigation pulses used ensured water content able to maintain the crop’s marketable quality. Pulse application in irrigation system increased shoot mass production index and reduced root mass production index.

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Gas exchanges and chlorophyll a fluorescence are ways to physiologically analyze the response of plants to salt stress. In this context, the present work was conducted between August and November 2016 in a greenhouse at the Federal University of Campina Grande (7°12’52” S, 35°54’24” W, mean altitude of 550 m), using bell pepper plants cv. All Big, exposed to levels of nutrient solution electrical conductivity (1.7, 3.7, 5.7, 7.7, 9.7 and 11.7 dS m-1) and cultivated in hydroponic system, spaced by 0.2 and 0.3 m, focusing on the analysis of gas exchanges and photochemical efficiency. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 6 x 2 factorial scheme, with five replicates. Plant density influenced the sensitivity of the gas exchanges to salinity and, when reduced, mitigated its effects at higher salinity levels. Increasing plant density at high levels of electrical conductivity caused damage to the photosynthetic apparatus and even reduced the levels of efficiency of the photosystem II from 3.98 dS m-1.

The use of brackish water in hydroponic crops represents an alternative for vegetable production. In this context, two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of using brackish water to prepare the nutrient solution and replace the evapotranspired depth, applied at different flow rates, on cauliflower biometrics in NFT (nutrient film technique) hydroponic system. In both experiments, the experimental design was completely randomized with four repetitions, in a 6 x 2 factorial scheme: six levels of water electrical conductivity (ECw) in interaction with two flow rates of nutrient solution application in the hydroponic channels (1.5 and 2.5 L min-1). In Experiment I, brackish waters with different EC (1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 dS m-1), obtained by the addition of NaCl in public-supply water (0.2 dS m-1), were used. In Experiment II, the chemical characteristics of brackish waters collected in the semiarid region of Pernambuco were simulated, with EC of 1.67, 3.30, 4.71, 5.88 and 13.84 dS m-1, plus the control (0.2 dS m-1). Increasing salinity reduced cauliflower growth. Flow rate of 1.5 L min-1 promoted the best results of shoot fresh and dry masses, leaf area, number of leaves, plant height and shoot diameter. The best water for cauliflower production was public-supply water and, among the well waters, the best was the calcium sulfate-rich water with EC of 1.67 dS m-1.