This study analyses the use of traditional fishing weirs in the Interior Sea of Chiloé, in southern Chile. Although fishing weirs were in operation the time of the arrival of the first Europeans in the area in the mid-16th Century, when the indigenous Chono and Williche populations led distinctly aquapelagic lifestyles, we contend that they proliferated in subsequent centuries during the process of mestizaje (mixing) between indigenous populations and Spanish settlers and in response to the pressure exerted by population growth and associated social transformations in an insular location. Weirs remained in use until the second half of the 20th Century but have fallen into disuse in recent times due to the profound socio-productive changes resulting from modern development models favouring intense extractivism. Such developments have exacerbated socio-environmental conflicts and caused a population decline in small islands in the region. Based on our discussions of the above, we propose that the traditional insular fisheries model has allowed sustainable inhabitation of these islands; that its decline has dismantled key community assets; and that a return to socially-managed, non-extractivist fishery practices is essential for regional communities.
This article summarizes the archaeological studies carried out in the city of Valdivia between years 2007 and 2012. Different stratigraphic excavations and surface sample collections were conducted under targeted researches and environmental impact studies. Supported by the city's historical chronology, as defined by Gabriel Guarda, 37 sites from different epochs and features have been correlated. The sites' different distributions and types were mapped, referring to the chattel and real property evidence found, construction materials, dating and periods. There is a need to balance the scientific and cultural value of Valdivia's archaeological heritage in future land and urban master plans.
Resumen_El presente artículo resume estudios arqueológicos efectuados en la ciudad de Valdivia entre los años 2007 y 2012. Distintas excavaciones estratigráficas y recolecciones superficiales se han efectuado en el marco de investigaciones dirigidas, estudios de impacto ambiental y salvataje. Apoyados en la cronología histórica de Valdivia, definida por Gabriel Guarda, se han correlacionado 37 yacimientos de diversas épocas y características. Se representa cartográficamente la distribución y tipología de sitios en referencia a sus evidencias muebles e inmuebles diagnósticas, materiales constructivos, dataciones y períodos. Se argumenta la necesidad de integrar el valor científico y cultural del patrimonio arqueológico valdiviano en los planes de ordenamiento territorial y planeamiento urbano futuro.
RESUMENEl registro de prácticas fumatorias tiene larga data en la zona centro-sur de Chile, donde la información arqueológica y etnohistórica marcan el inicio de estas actividades para el período Alfarero Temprano hasta momentos históricos. Dada la amplitud temporal de esta práctica, se estudiaron la morfología y la decoración de doce pipas fumatorias con contexto de procedencia conocido y se analizaron los residuos de uso para identificar los elementos introducidos y/o fumados en ellas. Considerando la importancia del humo en el mundo mapuche, también se incluyó en el estudio un jarro (pichimetawe) de seis bocas que podría haber sido usado en la emanación de humo, y una pieza de función indeterminada. Se logró verificar la existencia de siete formas de pipas para el área, de las cuales tres cuentan con información contextual. Se identificó la presencia de Nicotiana sp., Cyperaceae y cf. Latua pubiflora en el contenido de algunas de las piezas analizadas.PALABRAS CLAVE: Complejo fumatorio, análisis de residuos, región centro-sur de Chile, pipas.
CACHIMBAS AND KITRAS: AN APPROACH TO THE SMOKING PRACTICES OF THE CERAMIC GROUPS OF THE CENTER-SOUTHERN AREA OF CHILE ABSTRACTArchaeological and ethnohistorial data show that smoking practices in the central-southern region of Chile begins during the Early Ceramic period and continue until historical times. In view of this long time span, twelve smoking pipes were studied: their morphology and decoration were determined, and use residues were analyzed to unravel the elements consumed. Considering
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