This study investigates Southern Brazilian travestis’ manipulation of gender identity through the manipulation of the Portuguese grammatical gender system. We argue that the embodiment of feminine features onto biologically male bodies enables travestis to wander through various ideologies about masculinity and femininity and incorporate these ideologies in their linguistic construction of identity. Travestis use masculine forms to refer to themselves or other travestis when: (1) producing narratives about the time before their body transformations took place; (2) reporting speech produced by others when talking about travestis; (3) talking about themselves within their family relationships; and, perhaps the most unveiling category, (4) distinguishing themselves from ‘other’ travestis they do not identify with – a face-saving strategy. Thus, the study shows how southern Brazilian travestis use the grammatical gender system in Portuguese as a linguistic resource to manipulate their identity/ies and the identity/ies of the community they belong to.
Este artigo problematiza alguns obstáculos discursivos para o cuidado integral e humanizado à saúde de pessoas transexuais no Processo Transexualizador brasileiro. Para tanto, faz-se o cotejamento das experiências de Agnes, uma participante da Clínica de Gênero da UCLA na década de 1950, e Vitória, atual usuária de um dos programas de transgenitalização brasileiros, com instâncias classificadoras. Argumenta-se que, embora estejam temporal e geograficamente distantes, Agnes e Vitória engajam-se em performances identitárias muito semelhantes balizadas por uma política narrativo-essencialista que patologiza e homogeneíza as transexualidades. Defende-se que tal política pode ser desafiada por microrresistências narrativo-performativas, i.e., histórias de vida que mostrem às instâncias classificadoras/diagnosticadoras in situ as multiplicidades que constituem nossa vida generificada e possam, enfim, produzir, performativamente, novos regimes identitários em consonância com a fragmentação que nos é constitutiva. Com isso, argumenta-se que a despatologização da transexualidade é central para a construção de relações intersubjetivas entre equipes médicas e usuários/as transexuais baseadas em confiança mútua, salientando, assim, seu potencial para a humanização do cuidado à saúde.
The introduction of vaccination worldwide dramatically reduced the incidence of pathogenic bacterial and viral diseases. Despite the highly successful vaccination strategies, the number of cases among vaccine preventable diseases has increased in the last decade and several of those diseases are still endemic in different countries. Here we discuss some epidemiological aspects and possible arguments that may explain why ancient diseases such as, measles, polio, pertussis, diphtheria and tuberculosis are still with us.
ResumoOs conceitos de performance e performatividade desenvolvidos por Judith Butler tornaram-se bastante populares em estudos brasileiros sobre identidades. No entanto, tais estudos, em grande parte, relegam ao segundo plano (quando não esquecem totalmente) um aspecto central da aposta butleriana: a linguagem. Neste artigo, desenho uma apreciação genealógica das peregrinações que tais conceitos efetuaram em diferentes disciplinas e argumento que atentar à vida linguística que indivíduos produzem, na qual estão imersos e pela qual são produzidos, é um vetor central na análise de performances identitárias.
RESUMO Com base em uma abordagem foucaultiana à análise do discurso e uma análise interacional de inspiração goffmaniana, este artigo investiga as micro-dinâmicas pelas quais sistemas de conhecimento que patologizam a transexualidade como uma enfermidade mental são incorporados nas ações de profissionais de saúde e usuários/as transexuais do Sistema Único de Saúde. A partir de um trabalho de campo etnográfico de 13 meses, investiga-se um dos serviços de referência no Processo Transexualizador no SUS. O artigo discute como esses discursos biomédicos disponibilizam recursos semióticos para a identificação de "transexuais verdadeiros", solidificando um modelo metapragmático de identidade. A análise focaliza trajetórias de socialização (WORTHAM, 2006) durante as quais uma usuária nova da clínica paulatinamente aprendeu a entextualizar (SILVERSTEIN E URBAN, 1996) o modelo do "transexual verdadeiro", tornando-se, assim, um corpo dócil (FOUCAULT, 1975/2011) para os propósitos do Processo Transexualizador. Esse aprendizado se deu intertextualmente pela organização sequencial de turnos-de-fala e, sobretudo, no par pergunta-resposta através dos quais a psicóloga oferece a sua interlocutora os itens semióticos para a construção de uma performance que satisfaça as demandas diagnósticas do cuidado em saúde trans-específico.
This paper analyses the role language and gender have played in the construction of animosity among various constituencies during a political crisis in Brazil. To do so, it investigates a language ideological debate about the innovative use of the letter X as a gender morpheme – an inclusive alternative against Portuguese binary grammatical gender system. The data include op-eds, blog posts, news articles and in-depth semi-structured interviews with stakeholders in the debate. The analyses track the emergence of competing metadiscursive and metapragmatic regimes about grammar, gender and politics. On a macro-sociological level, this language ideological work helps shape politics of enmity which characterise the current state of democracy in Brazil and elsewhere. However, it also points to the emergence of situated counterdiscourses of solidarity which help individuals face an otherwise debilitating social context.
Mobilizations against gender equality and sexual diversity have gained political traction globally despite their hyperbolic modes of action and conspiracist rhetoric. These anti-gender campaigns rally around “gender ideology,” a trope used to anathemize feminist and LGBTQIA+ activism/scholarship. This paper argues that anti-genderism is a register – a conventionalized aggregate of expressive forms and enactable person-types – of which “gender ideology” is the most famous shibboleth. The paper shows how inchoate collections of words, modes of action, and images of people (i.e. signs) have been enregistered into the cohesive but heterogeneous whole of anti-genderism through semiotic processes of clasping, relaying, and grafting (Gal 2018; 2019). The paper offers a sociolinguistic analysis of anti-genderism to understand the challenges it poses to the enfranchisement of women, queer, trans, and nonbinary people.
Can the transsexual subject speak in their own terms? This is the question this article addresses. Grounded on a Foucauldian genealogical approach to discourse analysis and on Goffmanian-inspired interactional analysis, it investigates how knowledge systems that pathologise transsexuality as a mental disorder get gradually embodied (and spoken) in consultations at a Brazilian gender identity clinic. The analysis follows the interactional history a trans woman had with the clinic’s psychologist and traces the intertextual links that connect various consultations in time. This series of encounters constitutes a socialisation trajectory during which the trans client is led to speak a language that is not hers in order to frame an identity performance within the diagnostic criteria for the identification of “true transsexuals”. The article, thus, contributes to three areas for the study of transgender and language: (1) it investigates how transsexual people are led to speak a language that is not their own (the problems of agency and trans-autonomy); (2) it points to the centrality of studying how others speak to transsexual people – a gap identified by Don Kulick but which remains under-investigated; and (3) it highlights the importance of language use for the design of trans-positive and trans-affirmative healthcare practices.
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