Side-effects of Pesticides Used in Integrated Production of Apples to Parasitoids of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)ABSTRACT -Parasitoids of genus Trichogramma represent an alternative to control tortricids in apple orchards; however, it is necessary to use selective pesticides for managing this crop. The side-effects of pesticides used in Integrated Production of Apples, were evaluated to parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) under laboratory conditions, by following protocols of IOBC/WPRS. Bioassays were carried with: a) adults by exposing to fresh pesticides residues, applied on glass plates; b) immature stages, with applications of pesticides on eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), with the parasitoid in the egg-larvae, pre-pupae and pupae stages. The reduction in the parasitization (adults) and reduction on adults emergence (immatures), in relation the control were used to classified the pesticides in harmless (<30%), slightly harmful (30-79%), moderately harmful (80-99%) and harmful (>99%).Out of 60 pesticides tested in bioassays with adults of T. pretiosum, 60% were harmless, 10% slightly harmful, 16.67% moderately harmful and 13.33% harmful. In bioassays with immatures, out of 19 pesticides evaluated, 73.68% were harmless for all immatures stages and the others were slightly harmful in at least one stage. For T. atopovirilia, of the 40 pesticides evaluated with adults, 45% were harmless, 15% slightly harmful, 12.5% moderately harmful and 27.5% harmful; in bioassays with immatures of the 17 pesticides tested 58.82% were harmless for the three stages, while 41.18% were slightly harmful, moderately harmful and harmful. T. atopovirilia was more sensitive than T. pretiosum to evaluated pesticides in the tests with either adults or immatures.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a seletividade de dezenove agrotóxicos utilizados na cultura do pessegueiro sobre ovos e pupas do predador Chrysoperla externa em condições laboratoriais (temperatura 25±1ºC, umidade relativa 70±10% e fotofase 14 horas). Os agrotóxicos foram pulverizados diretamente sobre ovos e pupas por meio de uma torre de Potter, utilizando a máxima dosagem recomendada para a cultura do pessegueiro. Foi avaliada a viabilidade de ovos e pupas, além da fecundidade e fertilidade de adultos emergidos de pupas tratadas. Os agrotóxicos foram classificados para ovos em função da redução na eclosão e, para pupas, em função do efeito total, conforme a escala de toxicidade proposta pela IOBC. A maioria dos agrotóxicos avaliados (8 inseticidas, 8 fungicidas e 2 herbicidas) se mostrou inócua (classe 1) a ovos e pupas, com redução na eclosão de larvas e efeito total em pupas inferiores a 30%. A exceção se deu para o inseticida óleo mineral, que reduziu a eclosão de larvas em 69,55% quando pulverizado em ovos e proporcionou efeito total em pupas de 36,22%, sendo classificado como levemente nocivo (classe 2) a ovos e pupas de C. externa

The selectivity of sixteen pesticides used in peach orchards in Brazil was evaluated on larvae of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in laboratory (25±1ºC, 70±10% RH and 14 hours photophase). The bioassays consisted on the exposure of larvae to fresh dry pesticide film applied on glass plates. Lenght of each development stage, the mortality, the fecundity and fertility of survival adults were evaluated. Pesticides were classified according to the total toxic effect in harmless (<30%), slightly harmful (30-79%), moderately harmful (80-99%) and harmful (>99%), in conformity to "International Organization for Biological Control of Noxious Animals and Plants" (IOBC) recommendation. Only abamectin and deltamethrin caused significant prolongation in the post embryonic period. Fecundity and fertility of survival adults were not affected by any pesticide tested. The acaricide/insecticide abamectin, the two mineral oils, the fungicides mancozeb, dodine, azoxystrobin, captan, mancozeb + cooper oxichloride and pholpet, and the herbicide ghlyphosate were harmless; the fungicide tebuconazole was slightly harmful; the insecticide deltamethrin was moderately harmful; and the insecticides malathion, dimethoate and phosmet, and the herbicide paraquat dichloride were harmful to C. externa larvae.

The search for new safer insecticides has increased in recent agriculture. Botanical compounds such as terpenoids and plant essential oils with insecticidal activity could represent important tools in pest management, and their risk assessment against non-target organisms is necessary since they may serve as a precursor for the synthesis of new insecticide active ingredients. For this study, the acute toxicity and sublethal effects of seven terpenoids and three essential oils with recognized insecticidal activity were evaluated on the predator Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in laboratory bioassays. Results indicate that these compounds feature relative selectivity to the predator C. externa; however, sublethal effects on reproduction were recorded for some compounds. The phenolic monoterpenoids carvacrol and thymol were more acutely toxic than other terpenoids screened, with LD <20,000 μg/g; however, they were less toxic than natural pyrethrins (toxicity standard) in these bioassays. Sublethal effects on fecundity and fertility were observed for R-(+)-limonene, while oregano oil only affected fecundity. The compounds evaluated here have potential to be used as insecticides and can serve as backbone for future synthesis of selective active ingredients; however, a complete risk assessment to C. externa and other non-target organisms is necessary for their incorporation in future crop protection paradigms.

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RESUMO -A seletividade de dezesseis agrotóxicos utilizados na produção integrada e convencional de pêssego foi avaliada sobre a fase adulta de Chrysoperla externa através de bioensaios de exposição residual conduzidos em laboratório (temperatura de 25±1ºC, umidade relativa 70±10% e fotofase 14 horas), utilizandose de metodologia prescrita pela "International Organization for Biological Control" (IOBC). Os agrotóxicos (% de ingrediente ativo na calda) azoxystrobina (0,016), captana (0,192), dodina (0,126), folpete (0,200), mancozebe (0,256), mancozebe + oxicloreto de cobre (0,140 + 0,096), tebuconazole (0,320), abamectina (0,002), óleo mineral 1 (2,420), óleo mineral 2 (1,920), dicloreto de paraquate (0,300) e glifosato (1,440) foram inócuos; deltametrina (0,002) foi levemente nocivo e dimetoato (0,160), fosmete (0,160) e malationa (0,240) foram nocivos a adultos de C. externa. Termos para indexação: Controle biológico, crisopídeo, agrotóxicos, Prunus persica L. SELECTIVITY OF PESTICIDES USED IN PEACH ORCHARD ON ADULTS OF Chrysoperla externa (HAGEN, 1861) (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE)ABSTRACT -The selectivity of sixteen pesticides used in integrated and conventional peach production was evaluated on adults of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen,1861) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) under bioassays in laboratory conditions (temperature of 25±1ºC, relative humidity 70±10% and 14 hours photophase), using the "International Organization for Biological Control" (IOBC) methodology. The pesticides (% active ingredient) azoxystrobin (0.016), captan (0.192), dodine (0.126), pholpet (0.200), mancozeb (0.256), mancozeb + cooper oxichloride (0.140 + 0.096), tebuconazole (0.320), abamectin (0.002), mineral oil 1 (2.420), mineral oil 2 (1.920), paraquat dichloride (0.300) and gliphosate (1.440) were harmless; deltametrin (0.002) was slightly harmful and dimetoate (0.160), phosmet (0.160) and malathion (0.240), were harmful to C. externa adults.

This work aimed to evaluate the persistence (duration of harmful activity) of five insecticides used for pest control in peach orchards, on larvae and adults of the predator Chrysoperla externa. The insecticides were sprayed on cv. Bordô vine plants using the maximum dosage recommended for peach orchards. Weekly, at 3, 10, 17, 24 and 31 days after spraying, larvae and adults of the predator were exposed to treated leaves in order to assess the residual effect of insecticides on mortality and possible effects on reproduction. Given the toxicity observed along the weekly bioassays, the insecticides were classified into persistence categories established by the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC). High persistence was obtained for the organophosphorus insecticides (% of active ingredient) phosmet (0.100) and malathion (0.200), and both were considered persistent (> 30 days of harmful activity) to larvae and adults of C. externa. Similarly, the benzoylurea insecticide lufenuron (0.005), which acts exclusively on immature stages of insects, was persistent to larvae. Differences concerning the persistence for both development stages evaluated were observed for the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin (0.001), that was persistent to larvae but moderately persistent (16 – 30 days of harmful activity) to adults; and for the organophosphate fenthion (0.050) which was considered moderately persistent to larvae and short-lived (< 5 days of harmful activity) to adults of C. externa.

RESUMO Neste trabalho foi avaliada em condições de laboratório a seletividade dos produtos fitossanitários (g ou mL produto comercial 100L-1 ) abamectina (80), carbaril (360), deltametrina (40), dimetoato (120), enxofre (600), etofenproxi (150)