The development of effective vaccines against neglected diseases, especially those associated with poverty and social deprivation, is urgently needed. Modern vaccine technologies and a better understanding of the immune response have provided scientists with the tools for rational and safer design of subunit vaccines. Often, however, subunit vaccines do not elicit strong immune responses, highlighting the need to incorporate better adjuvants; this step therefore becomes a key factor for vaccine development. In this review we outline some key features of modern vaccinology that are linked with the development of better adjuvants. In line with the increased desire to obtain novel adjuvants for future vaccines, the Finlay Adjuvant Platform offers a novel approach for the development of new and effective adjuvants. The Finlay Adjuvants (AFs), AFPL (proteoliposome), and AFCo (cochleate), were initially designed for parenteral and mucosal applications, and constitute potent adjuvants for the induction of Th1 responses against several antigens. This review summarizes the status of the Finlay technology in producing promising adjuvants for unsolved-vaccine diseases including mucosal approaches and therapeutic vaccines. Ideas related to adjuvant classification, adjuvant selection, and their possible influence on innate recognition via multiple toll-like receptors are also discussed.
Neisseria meningitidis B proteoliposome (AFPL1 when used as adjuvant) and its derivative‐Cochleate (AFCo1) contain immunopotentiating and immunomodulating properties and delivery system capacities required for a good adjuvant. Additionally, they contain meningococcal protective antigens and permit packaging of other antigens and pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMP). Consequently, we hypothesized that they would function as good vaccine adjuvants for their own antigens and also for non‐related antigens. AFPL1 is a detergent‐extracted outer membrane vesicle of N. meningitidis B transformed into AFCo1 in calcium environment. Both are produced at Finlay Institute under good manufacture practices (GMP) conditions. We show their exceptional characteristics: combining in the same structure, the potentiator activity, polarizing agents and delivery system capacities; presenting multimeric protein copies; containing multiprotein composition and multi and synergistic PAMP components; acting with incorporated or co‐administrated antigens; inducing type I IFN‐γ and IL‐12 cytokines suggesting the stimulation of human plasmocytoid precursor and conventional dendritic cells, respectively, inducing a preferential Th1 immune response with TCD4+, TCD8+, cross‐presentation and cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte (CTL) in vivo responses; and functioning by parenteral and mucosal routes. AFPL1–AFCo1 protective protein constitutions permit per se their function as a vaccine. In addition to Phase IV Men BC vaccine, AFPL1 has ended the preclinical stage in an allergy vaccine and is concluding the preclinical stage of a nasal meningococcal vaccine. In conclusion, AFPL1 and AFCo1 induced signal 1, 2 and 3 polarizing to a Th1 (including CTL) response when they acted directly as vaccines or were used as adjuvants with incorporated or co‐administered antigens by parenteral or mucosal routes. Both are very promising adjuvants.
The development of prophylactic vaccines at unprecedented speed is necessary to control the global pandemic due to SARS CoV 2 infection. Vaccines approved for use and those under development intend to block viral sites binding to the hosts cellular receptors by means of neutralizing antibodies. Virus infection is mediated by the spike glycoprotein trimer on the virion surface via its receptor binding domain (RBD). Antibody response against this domain is an important outcome of the immunization and correlates well with viral neutralization. Here we show that macromolecular constructs with recombinant RBD conjugated to tetanus toxoid induce a potent immune response in laboratory animals. Some advantages of the immunization with the viral antigen coupled to tetanus toxoid have become evident such as predominantly IgG immune response due to affinity maturation and long term specific B memory cells. This work demonstrates that subunit conjugate vaccines can be an alternative for COVID19 paving the way for other viral conjugate vaccines based on the use of small viral proteins involved in the infection process.
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