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Applebaum, Scott L.; Pérez, Rocmira; Lazo, Juan Pablo; Holt, G. Joan

doi:10.1023/a:1023202219919

Cited by 41 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The sequence, timing and magnitude of sharp increases in pancreatic enzyme activity are not consistent across species. For example, in red drum, all pancreatic enzymes were detected at hatching, and trypsin was the first to increase in activity, closely followed by chymotrypsin, bile salt-dependent lipase and amylase (Applebaum et al, 2001;Lazo et al, 2000). In contrast, all pancreatic enzyme activities were low or undetectable at hatching in southern flounder, and chymotrypsin was the first to increase in activity, followed by amylase, trypsin and lipase (Faulk & Holt, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…in both experiments. Enzyme activity was compared to the mean SL of larvae within each replicate sample rather than dph because larval size has been shown to be a better indicator of ontogenetic state than age (Applebaum, Perez, Lazo, & Holt, 2001;Fuiman, Poling, & Higgs, 1998), and minor variations in size at age were noted among replicate spawns. Piecewise ("broken stick") linear regressions were used to model the relationships between enzyme activity and larval length and estimate the ontogenetic onset of activity for each enzyme.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All four pancreatic digestive enzymes exhibited a similar ontogenetic pattern of activity, each beginning with a low level of activity during the endogenous feeding period, which lasted until the onset of a period of rapid, linear increase in enzyme activity with increasing larval size. The larval size at onset of the rapid increase in activity varied by enzyme, starting with bile salt-dependent lipase and followed TA B L E 2 Parameter estimates for exponential growth functions for pigfish weaned onto microdiet at 24, 28, 32 and 36 dph and larvae fed live prey and microdiet throughout (control) (Experiment 2) (Applebaum et al, 2001;Lazo, Holt, & Arnold, 2000), southern flounder (Faulk & Holt, 2009), cobia (Faulk et al, 2007),…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Applying the ontogeny of digestive enzyme activity to guide early weaning of pigfish, Orthopristis chrysoptera (L.)

2019

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Weaning marine fish larvae from live prey to a dry microdiet is an important step towards optimizing the commercial production, but early weaning is constrained by the lack of sufficient digestive enzymes at first feeding. This study quantified the activity of five digestive enzymes throughout the larval period of pigfish (Orthopristis chrysoptera [L.]) to assess ontogenetic changes in digestive abilities, and then trials were conducted that determined the optimal time for weaning. The activity of all digestive enzymes was low or undetectable at first feeding (3 days post hatching, dph; 2.5 mm standard length, SL). A substantial increase in activity occurred at 5.7 mm SL (17 dph), 6.9 mm SL (21 dph), 7.7 mm SL (23 dph), 8.4 mm SL (25 dph) and 11.2 mm SL (30 dph) for bile salt‐dependent lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and acid protease respectively. During the weaning experiment, larvae were co‐fed live prey and microdiet beginning 15 dph (4.8 mm SL). Live prey was withdrawn from the diet at 24, 28, 32 or 36 dph, with the control receiving live prey and microdiet throughout (to 43 dph). There were no significant differences in mean final SL among treatments, but survival was significantly lower when larvae were weaned at 24 dph compared to 32–43 dph. Based on the digestive enzyme activity and survival, weaning larval pigfish at 32 dph (11.7 mm SL) when reared at 24°C is recommended.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Applying the ontogeny of digestive enzyme activity to guide early weaning of pigfish, Orthopristis chrysoptera (L.)

2019

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“…Additionally, zymogen granules-the precursors to pancreatic enzymes-were also detected at 2 dph, suggesting that the exocrine pancreas was functional prior to first feeding. The functionality of the exocrine pancreas prior to first feeding has been seen in the larval ontogeny of many other fish species, including the Common Dentex Dentex dentex (Santamaría et al 2004), Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus (Applebaum et al 2001), and Turbot Scophthalmus maximus (Tong et al 2012). The functionality of the exocrine pancreas prior to the onset of exogenous feeding suggests that it is genetically preprogrammed to prepare the larvae for prey digestion (Applebaum et al 2001;Holt 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using digestive physiology to develop larval culture protocols for the Blackbanded Sunfish, a threatened centrarchid native to the United States

Murray,

Lipscomb,

Wood

et al. 2024

N American J Aquac

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ObjectiveThe Blackbanded Sunfish Enneacanthus chaetodon is a small centrarchid that is endemic to slow‐moving waters from New Jersey to central Florida, United States. The distribution of this species has been increasingly fragmented, primarily due to habitat degradation. The development of larval culture protocols is essential to produce this species for the aquarium trade and for potential restoration efforts. To streamline the production process, larvae should be transitioned from live feeds to inert diets as early as possible without sacrificing larval growth or survival.MethodsA developmental trial was conducted to determine the timing of digestive tract maturation, which indicates the ability of larvae to better digest inert microdiets (MDs). Blackbanded Sunfish larvae were sampled 12 times from 2 days posthatch (dph; notochord length [mean ± SD] = 4.38 ± 0.22 mm) to 50 dph (total length [TL] = 9.89 ± 1.64 mm) for subsequent analysis of digestive enzyme activity (via microplate assays) and digestive system morphology (via histology). A dietetics trial was conducted to determine the most appropriate commercial MD for this species at early life stages by testing the efficacy of three different MDs against a reference diet of brine shrimp Artemia nauplii. Lastly, a weaning trial was conducted to determine the earliest time point at which MDs should be introduced during the larval period.ResultBlackbanded Sunfish larvae transitioned from agastric to gastric digestion at approximately 40 dph (7.95 ± 0.86 mm TL), as determined by the presence of gastric glands and pepsin activity. In the dietetics trial, certain MDs yielded higher survival than others; however, all diets performed equally when considering the TL of the larvae. In the weaning trial, the highest survival was found when larvae were fed Artemia nauplii exclusively or when an MD was introduced at 48 dph (10.62 ± 1.88 mm TL).ConclusionLarval Blackbanded Sunfish may require up to 48 days of live feeds before introducing MDs but can be successfully transitioned to MDs after 48 dph without significantly affecting survival or growth.

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“…Chymotrypsin activity (CHT) was assayed following the method described by Applebaum et al (2001), using 0.56 mM of BTEE (N-Benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester, Sigma 13,110-F) as substrate in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, 25 mM CaCl 2 , pH 7.8 and methanol 2.5% (v/v) at 37°C. The absorbance of the solution was monitored at 540 nm.…”

Section: Digestive Enzyme Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of feed transition on digestive tract digestive enzyme, morphology and intestinal community in cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis)

Jiang

Xiao

et al. 2022

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Sepia pharaonis is an excellent candidate for aquaculture in China. However, the low survival rate during early feed transition is a bottleneck restricting industrial development. Understanding the changes in digestive physiology and intestinal microflora during feed transition should enable us to meet their nutritional needs to improve production. In this study, we investigate the digestive enzyme of S. pharaonis and undertake histological observations of the digestive gland and intestine. The intestinal microflora 16S rRNA genes were also analyzed using high-throughput sequencing of the pre, mid, and post-feed transition stages (20, 40, and 60 days post-hatching (DPH), respectively). The digestive enzymes from the digestive gland (trypsin and chymotrypsin) rapidly decrease at 40 DPH when compared to their levels at 20 DPH, but mostly recovered by 60 DPH. The alkaline phosphatase and lipase increased sharply by 40 DPH, then peaked at 60 DPH. The intestinal digestive enzymes followed similar trends during feed transition, except for lipase activity, which decreased after 20 DPH and remained low, even at 60 DPH. Feed transition affects the morphogenesis of the digestive tract and feed transition stress leads to the impairment of the digestive gland and intestinal morphology, which reduces the digestive capacity, but almost totally recovers by 60 DPH. Moreover, the comparison of the intestinal microbial composition during feed transition revealed that the dominant phylum Bacteroidetes gradually increased to a peak at 40 DPH and then decreased until 60 DPH. The microbial composition changed with the most abundant genus Pseudomonas being replaced by Acinetobacter. The phylum and family level investigation suggested the microbiota in the rearing water had limited influence on the intestinal microbiota. The intestinal microbiota diversity increased during feed transition. This study improves our understanding of changes and adaptations in cuttlefish during feed transition.

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Cited by 41 publications

References 34 publications

Applying the ontogeny of digestive enzyme activity to guide early weaning of pigfish, Orthopristis chrysoptera (L.)

Applying the ontogeny of digestive enzyme activity to guide early weaning of pigfish, Orthopristis chrysoptera (L.)

Using digestive physiology to develop larval culture protocols for the Blackbanded Sunfish, a threatened centrarchid native to the United States

Effects of feed transition on digestive tract digestive enzyme, morphology and intestinal community in cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis)

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