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The composition of propolis depends on time, vegetation and the location of the collection area. The objective of this study was to determine the physicochemical characteristics, the concentration of phenol compounds and the antioxidant capacity of propolis of native stingless bees (Meliponinae) and Apis from the State of Tocantins. Extraction with 80% ethanol (v/v) was performed in order to obtain the extracts. Parameters examined were: propolis mass loss by desiccation at 105 ºC, ashes, wax concentration and pH. Furthermore, the propolis antioxidant activity was measured, as well as the total concentration of phenol compounds. The extracts were also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The total concentration of phenol compounds varied between 121.78 and 631.29 (mg GAE g . High performance liquid chromatography analysis allowed us to infer the existence of phenol compounds. The results indicated that the studied propolis samples constitute good sources of natural antioxidants. The variety of phenol compounds identified in this study, and the diverse biological functions reported in literature for these compounds indicated that this stingless bee propolis (Meliponinae) and Apis has a high pharmacological potential. KEYWORDS: Propolis, antioxidant, phenol compounds.Propriedades físico-químicas e capacidade antioxidante de própolis de abelhas sem ferrão (Meliponinae) e Apis de duas regiões do Tocantins, Brasil RESUMO A composição da própolis depende do tempo, da vegetação e a localização da área de coleta. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar as características físicas e químicas, o teor de compostos fenólicos e capacidade antioxidante da própolis de abelhas nativas sem ferrão (Meliponinae) e Apis do Estado do Tocantins. Para a obtenção dos extratos empregou-se extração com etanol 80% (v/v). Os parâmetros analisados foram: perda de peso por dessecação a 105 °C, cinzas, Teor de cera e pH. Além dessas foi mensurada a atividade antioxidante e o teor de compostos fenólicos totais. Adicionalmente os extratos de própolis foram também analisados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. O teor de compostos fenólicos totais variou entre 121,78 e 631,29 (mg GAE g -1 ). A atividade antioxidante expressa pelo valor de CE 50 variou entre 29,81 e 845,38 µg mL -1 . As análises por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência permitiram inferir a existência de compostos fenólicos. Os resultados indicaram que as amostras de própolis estudadas constituem boas fontes de antioxidantes naturais. A variedade de compostos fenólicos identificada neste estudo, e as diversas funções biológicas relatadas na literatura para estes compostos, indicaram que a própolis de abelhas sem ferrão (Meliponinae) e Apis tem um grande potencial farmacológico. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Própolis, antioxidante, compostos fenólicos. Physicochemical properties and antioxidant capacity of propolis of stingless bees (Meliponinae) and Apis from two regions of Tocantins, Brazil ACTA

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Orbignya phalerata Mart. has great socio-economic value, originating various products and by-products; however, there are few studies about obtaining food products from of this raw material. In face of that reality, this study aimed to obtain powder extract from press cake of the babassu nut kernel, and to verify the influence of varying concentrations of Maltogill®10 and drying temperature on process yield through a factorial design, as well as to characterize the final product. Babassu nut used for pressing and acquisition of residual press cake and extract. Spray dryer was used to obtain the powder extract, which adopted a rotating central composite design (RCCD with 11 trials). The final product was characterized by analyses of moisture, solubility, hygroscopicity, water activity and bulk density. The experimental design showed significant influence (p ? 0.05) for the variables inlet temperature in the linear and quadratic models, focusing only on the linear term and the interaction between them, the model adjusted in planning was considered predictive; the best productivity obtained (80.37%), was for the temperature of 95°C with encapsulating agent of 18%. With respect to the powder product analysis, low moisture values, hygroscopicity, and density were observed, as solubility and water activity within the recommended parameters.

Dyslipidemias are lipid metabolism alterations that cause increased levels of serum lipoprotein, cholesterol, and triglycerides. These alterations are associated with a higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases and are a risk factor for atherosclerosis development. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil (EORO, 100 mg/kg) and its nanoemulsion (NEORO, 500 µg/kg) on Triton and coconut saturated-fat-induced (CSF) dyslipidemias using Wistar rats. The phytochemical evaluation of EORO performed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) revealed 1,8-cineole (33.70%), camphor (27.68%), limonene (21.99%), and α-pinene (8.13%) as its major compounds. Triton-induced dyslipidemia significantly increased total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides levels. On the other hand, the groups treated with EORO and NEORO had significantly reduced total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides compared to the group treated only with Triton. Similar results were observed on the positive control treated with simvastatin. Dyslipidemia induced with coconut saturated-fat (CSF) caused abdominal fat gain, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, increased LDL levels, and atherogenesis in the aorta. In contrast, the groups treated with EORO, NEORO, and simvastatin had significantly reduced hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, reduced abdominal fat gain, and absence of atherogenesis in the vascular endothelium. Overall, in the Triton-induced dyslipidemia model, EORO treatment had superior values than NEORO's (and simvastatin), although the differences were not too high, while in the CSF model, the values were mixed. In this manner, our results show an anti-dyslipidemic and anti-atherogenic activity effect by EORO and NEORO.

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Cellulose is one of the main constituents of the wall of a plant cell, and its complete hydrolysis produces glucose. Cellulases are the enzymes responsible for the degradation of cellulose. The condition in which such reactions usually develop occurs in organic solvents and water. In the present work the ionic liquids, substances that are completely constituted by ions and are in the liquid state at room temperature. The enzymes Cellic CTec2 and HTec2 (Noozymes ®) were used in the hydrolysis reactions of cellulose obtained from three types of biomass: sugarcane bagasse, elephantgrass and wood sawdust (red angelim). All the biomasses were submitted to a pretreatment so that the enzymes had greater accessibility to the cellulose. It was verified the existence of alterations caused by the presence of the ionic liquids in the hydrolysis reaction, being possible to affirm that the use of this methodology in the search of a more advantageous process to obtain glucose did not represent an increase in the glucose contents obtained after the hydrolysis. The most promising ionic liquid was the ([BMIM + ] [BF4-]) interacted with sugarcane, reaching a yield of 57.7 % for 72 hours of hydrolysis reaction.