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RESUMO -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de cinco diferentes tipos de pré-tratamento na compatibilidade entre a madeira do Eucalyptus benthamii e o cimento Portland. A madeira foi pré-tratada com água fria, água quente, hidróxido de sódio, cloreto de cálcio ou hidróxido de cálcio. O grau de compatibilidade foi determinado através do estudo do calor de hidratação nas primeiras 24 h e pela resistência à compressão axial após 28 dias dos compósitos formados por cimento e pó de madeira na relação de peso de 13,3:1. A resistência à compressão axial após 28 dias também foi avaliada em compósitos formados com cimento e partículas de madeira na relação 2,75:1. Os resultados dos testes feitos com a madeira em pó indicaram que a adição de 3% de cloreto de cálcio é o tratamento mais eficiente para reduzir a capacidade de inibição da espécie, enquanto o tratamento do pó da madeira com hidróxido de cálcio afetou negativamente a compatibilidade. Entretanto, a combinação do aditivo cloreto de cálcio com partículas carbonatadas, pelo tratamento com hidróxido de cálcio, foi o que apresentou a maior resistência à compressão axial nos compósitos feitos na relação cimento:madeira de 2,75:1. A madeira de Eucalyptus benthamii apresentou potencial para a fabricação de painéis madeira-cimento. O uso da metodologia de carbonatação das partículas em solução de hidróxido de cálcio também é viável como pré-tratamento, independentemente dos resultados apontados pelos métodos tradicionais de medição do grau de compatibilidade.Palavras-chave: Eucalyptus benthamii; Painéis madeira-cimento; Compatibilidade. EVALUATION OF PRETREATMENT EFFECTS OF Eucalyptus benthamii

Eschweilera truncata trees, known commercially by the name of Matamatá, are abundant, widely distributed throughout the forest, and characterized by important features for forest management, but are not harvested due to the scarcity of studies of the technological attributes that would reveal their potential, such as their machining and physical properties. Otherwise such studies might contribute to the inclusion of new species in the market, strengthening the sustainability of the forest ecosystems. Given this gap, the present research aimed to evaluate the performance of Matamatá wood in terms of its physical properties and behaviour under the machining process that would be used in this sector of the timber industry. The research involved a study of the tree, from which a base disk was removed in order to analyse its apparent density, density, shrinkage and anisotropy coefficient. The tradable shaft was split into logs and planks to assess the effects of machining processes. In the data analysis, we used descriptive statistics and the Tukey test. The results obtained classify Matamatá wood as high density and identify its anisotropy coefficient of 1.90, suggesting a medium to low stability. E. truncata wood performed excellently in the machining evaluation, and its results in the planer, sandpaper, drill perforation, frame in the top and lathe tests were also outstanding; in addition it presented wood material of the same quality throughout, whether heartwood or sapwood. This is an important indicator of wood yield, signifying that greater use can be made of the wood. The performance of the wood was validated via the manufacture of products such as furniture, decoration and finger-boards for musical instruments. In general, it can be concluded that the wood studied may be used in the lumber industry, because it presents similar features to those in the species already marketed and because it is plentiful all over the Amazon region.

In the Amazon, the sustainable use of wood is associated with technological research that indicates industrial use. Surface roughness of wood is an important criterion for assessing tool condition, machining performance and product quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the surface roughness of five Amazonian woods used in the manufacture of EGP (Edge Glued Panels).The woods Angelim pedra, Angelim vermelho, Breu vermelho, Murici and Piãozinho, obtained from managed areas of the Amazon, were used in the manufacture of EGP panels. Surface treatments were performed with 120 and 180 grit sandpaper. Surface ripples (roughness) were measured using a digital roughness meter with needle (n = 180 readings). Physical and mechanical tests were performed on both wood and EGP samples, to verify the possible relationship between these properties and roughness. EGP Piãozinho presented better surface quality, which consists of lower roughness (lower surface wave height), while EGP Angelim pedra presented uneven surfaces. Surface quality was satisfactory when 120 grain sandpaper was applied to most products. The results showed a highly significant effect of roughness such as the physical-mechanical properties. The highlight of the study is the wood and EGP Piãozinho, because in all the tests, it always presented the best performances.

Understand the process of biodegradation of lignocellulosic material as its chemical composition is key properties for enhancing the cultivation of edible mushrooms, which seek in lignin and other carbon source carbohydrates. The purpose of this study was to monitor polysaccharide and lignin degradation caused by Pleurotus ostreatoroseus on different agroindustrial substrates using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Sawdust substrates of Marupá and Cajuí wood, banana pseudostem fibers, enriched with bran of cereals were formulated (WB and MWB). Of the 12 formulations elaborated, eight were submitted to biodegradation of P. ostreatoroseus over a period of 49 days (Residual substrate), and four formulations maintained in natura (Initial substrates), where each treatment was formed by 10 replicates totaling n = 120. Spectra were obtained from the substrates before and after cultivation in FT-NIR system in the region between 10,000 and 4,000 cm-1 and the index degradation of lignocellulosic compounds was determined (LDI and PDI). Through Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy was it is possible to observe the degradation of polysaccharides and lignin in the substrates grown with the fungus P. ostreatoroseus. In the residual substrate Marupá+WB-POSP was the highest lignin degradation index (LDI = 9.26%). While whereas for the PDI (Polysaccharide degradation index), the highest degradation (7.12%) was observed in the residual substrate Cajuí+MWB-POAM. Through analysis of the absorption bands, it was possible to observe the degradation of structures/bonds characteristics of lignocellulosic residues. The NIR model for degradation of lignocellulosic compounds was more effective in predicting “lignin degradation” in the spectral range 6,350-7,308 cm-1

The wood residues resulting from the operational phases in companies in the forestry market are normally considered by-products and, therefore, are discarded or reused for energy production, however, this material has a greater potential, such as the generation of new products through agglutination, which may generate a new segment in the wood industry, causing competition between products of native and planted species. This research aimed to develop agglomerated panels using residues of two tree species from the Amazon (Dinizia excelsa Ducke and Manilkara huberi (Ducke) Chevalier) and a mixture of commercial Amazonian species of high density, with the purpose of greater added value and a possible solution to reduce the negative environmental impacts of carbon emissions. The experimental design consisted of three treatments with five repetitions in each. Experimental panels were produced with a nominal density of 0.80 g/cm³, using castor oil-based resin with 10% percentages. The panels were pressed with a pressure of 10 MPa, temperature of 100ºC and with a pressing time of 10 minutes. The evaluations of the results obtained were compared with the ANSI A208.1 / 2009 standard and with the literature on agglomerated panels of tropical species. In physical properties, the panels showed compliance with the values found in the literature, however, they are outside the standard of the norm. Regarding the mechanical properties, the MOR values classify the panels in the medium to high density standard in accordance with the standard.  The results of the MOE are superior to those of the existing literature, with emphasis on the perpendicular traction that presents values consistent with the literature. The machining evaluations carried out according to ASTM D 1666-11 / 2011, show a good quality in the finish. In general analysis and in compliance with the regulations, all panels have economic viability and potential for industrialization.

The sustainable use of forest resources in the Amazon is one of the precautions attributed to Conservation Units of sustainable use, and among them, the RESEX Auati-Paraná stands out in this study. In this area, a large volume of naturally fallen trees of various species belonging to different diametric classes were inventoried, with a higher incidence of trees with small diameter. Therefore, it is important to highlight the potential use of this raw material for development high value-added products as a sustainable income generation opportunity for community members. Thus, the objective of this research was to assess the quality of naturally fallen species through the development of products with a fine finish through technical design projects. For this, was used, defining the types of products and species (Micrandropsis scleroxylon and Simarouba amara) for the study, characterizing them, surveying the cultural aspects of the RESEX, manufacture of physical products prototypes and analyzing the quality of the wood workability during machining processes. The results obtained through the design projects, demonstrated the quality and feasibility of using wood from naturally fallen trees for the manufacture of products, being able to be explored as a sustainable alternative to generate economic benefits to the community through the valorization of such natural resources of the Amazon rainforest.

The use of wood from small-diameter species is still restricted, and knowledge of its characteristics is limited. In this context, the objective of this study was to characterize the technological properties of eight species of small diameters of greater occurrence in the Central Amazon to indicate sustainable use. Samples were obtained from a managed area of secondary forest (Amazonas/Brazil). 24 trees (diameter ≤ 50 cm) were selected for the determination of chemical and physicomechanical properties. The highest concentrations of extractives and total polyphenols were detected for Eschweilera odora (7.08 and 2.63%), and lignin and cellulose were detected for Micrandropsis scleroxylon (34.80%) and Byrsonima crispa (55.62%). For the physical-mechanical properties, the average moisture content was 12.84%. For density, the species were classified in the medium to high range (0.56-0.93 g/cm3). In general, the studied species presented a high calorific value (~4,907 cal/g), and Eschweilera truncata presented higher mechanical strength (modulus of elasticity 17,350 MPa; modulus of rupture 173.93 MPa). The multivariate analysis using the K-means algorithm, based on the centroid of the data, indicated the formation of five groups, where the group of Eschweilera truncata was represented by higher values of MOE, MOR, and ash, while the group of Inga alba had characteristics of low-strength wood. The quality of the small-diameter wood studied here has the potential to be indicated for management since the technological characterization is a fundamental tool to assist decision-making in management plans that may indicate the use of new species in the forestry sector.