<strong>English</strong><br />Based on typical agro-ecology and socio-economy conditions, Indonesian agriculture needs agricultural tools and machinery support with certain characteristics. The government has provided agricultural tools and machinery, especially in the last three years, although its success is limited. This paper is a scientific review discussing needs of agricultural tools and machinery for agricultural development, its implementation, and efforts to achieve effectiveness. Materials are compiled from various sources, both documentation of development planning, program reports, as well as the results of critical evaluation and analysis of various research results. The results show that development of agricultural tools and machinery in Indonesia requires a good mapping with respect to the needs and availability, as well as institutional efforts to increase its effectiveness. Use of agricultural tools and machinery can reduce farming costs and provide benefits for farmers and it contributes to food self-sufficiency. Agriculture mechanization has a good prospect if it is preceded by a mapping of needs and availability as well as an adequate institutional environment. Consequently, farm costs become lower and farming efficiency will improve. <br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Dengan kondisi agroekologis dan sosial ekonomi yang khas, pertanian Indonesia membutuhkan dukungan penggunaan alat dan mesin pertanian (Alsintan) dengan karakter tertentu. Pemerintah telah lama mengembangkan Alsintan, terutama tiga tahun terakhir, meskipun keberhasilannya masih terbatas. Tulisan ini merupakan review ilmiah (scientific review) yang membahas kebutuhan Alsintan untuk pembangunan pertanian, pelaksanaannya, serta upaya mencapai efektivitas penggunaannya secara optimal. Bahan disusun dari berbagai sumber baik dokumentasi perencanaan pembangunan, laporan program, maupun hasil evaluasi dan analisis kritis dari berbagai hasil penelitian. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan Alsintan di Indonesia membutuhkan pemetaan yang baik berkenaan dengan kebutuhan dan ketersediaannya, serta upaya kelembagaan untuk peningkatan efektivitasnya. Penggunaan Alsintan mampu menekan biaya usaha tani dan memberikan keuntungan bagi petani, sehingga mampu berkontribusi pada pencapaian swasembada pangan. Mekanisasi Pertanian mempunyai prospek yang baik kalau didahului dengan pemetaan kebutuhan dan ketersediaan serta langkah langkah kelembagaan (enabling institutional environment) yang memadai. Sebagai konsekuensinya biaya usaha tani dapat ditekan dan efisiensi usaha tani dapat diperbaiki.
<p>Maize is one of important commodities after rice. As a secondary crop in Indonesia, maize has multifunctional uses either as food or feed. Maize agribusiness has some benefits as it is highly demanded for feed raw material and easily cultivated. Besides external factor, i.e. inter-regional trade and export opportunities among regions and countries such as maize trade opportunity among regions and countries. Some weaknesses of maize agribusiness are limited farmers’ land areas, minimal infrastructure, technology, competing water use with other major crops, and potential threat of climate change. This study uses SWOT (<em>Streng</em><em>t</em><em>h-Weakness-Opportunities-Threats</em>) and QSPM (<em>Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix</em>) approaches. Analysis results show that maize agribusiness development should be competitive, farmers-based, sustainable and decentralized. The government needs to improve people’s participation in maize agribusiness. Main measures to take maize agribusiness development are effectiveness and quality of government service, and distribution facilities and infrastructure improvement.</p><p> </p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Jagung merupakan komoditas strategis utama terpenting setelah padi dan salah satu komoditas tanaman palawija utama di Indonesia yang kegunaannya relatif luas, terutama untuk konsumsi manusia dan kebutuhan bahan pakan ternak. Agribisnis jagung memiliki berbagai keuntungan yakni memberikan banyak manfaat, memiliki keunggulan sebagai pakan untuk unggas, dan usaha taninya mudah. Namun, jagung memiliki beberapa permasalahan seperti luas lahan yang terbatas, dan teknologi usaha tani rendah. Jagung memiliki peluang perdagangan antardaerah dan negara dan kebutuhan jagung nasional cukup tinggi dan terus tumbuh. Untuk itu, perlu dilakukan studi untuk mendapatkan strategi pengembangan jagung nasional ke depan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode SWOT (<em>Strenght-Weakness-Opportunities-Threats</em>) dan QSPM (<em>Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix</em>). Hasil analisis data mendapatkan bahwa strategi alternatif terpenting dalam pengembangan agribisnis jagung adalah harus berorientasi pada pengembangan agribisnis jagung yang berdaya saing, berkerakyatan, berkelanjutan, dan terdesentralisasi. Dibutuhkan peningkatan efektivitas dan kualitas kinerja pemerintah dalam memfasilitasi masyarakat untuk berpartisipasi dalam membangun agribisnis jagung. Secara menyeluruh, prioritas utama dalam pengembangan agribisnis jagung ke depan membutuhkan dukungan melalui peningkatan efektivitas dan kualitas kinerja pemerintah, serta pengembangan sarana dan prasarana distribusi.</p>
Soybean production in Indonesia shows a downward trend over time, causing an increase in dependence on imports because the demand for soybeans is much greater. Therefore, efforts are needed to increase production by increasing productivity by using new soybean varieties, which are still very limited in distribution. This paper aims to identify the distribution of new soybean varieties, analyze the problems and factors affecting the distribution of new soybean varieties, and formulate strategies to increase the distribution of new soybean varieties. The study was conducted in the West Java and Central Java Provinces. The analysis method used in the study was qualitative descriptive. The analysis results show that in 2015-2019, soybean production in Indonesia, including in West Java and Central Java, shows a downward trend. Of the total distribution area of soybean varieties, the dominant varieties cultivated are Anjasmoro (61.48%), Wilis (10.66%), Grobogan (9.81%), Argomulyo (6.65%), and Baluran (4.01%). Meanwhile, the distribution of new soybean varieties is still very low, including Dena 1 variety (4.01%) and other new soybean varieties with a distribution area of less than 0.1% of the total distribution area. To increase the distribution of new soybean varieties, one of them can be done by developing seed breeders at the farmer level. Thus, the availability of the seeds of new soybean varieties can increase and farmers will find it easier to obtain these seeds.
The objective of this study is to analyse the potentials, obstacles and socio-economic condition of swamp land development for food estate programmes in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The results for qualitative descriptive and quantitative analysis showed there were approximately 33.4 million hectares of swamp land area, 9.5 million of which have the potential for agricultural land, particularly for rice. The rationale of food estate location are a wide area of land availability, with abundant water resources. The main obstacles of land use of swamp land are: (a) low soil pH (acid); (b) low NPK content in the soil; (c) high Al and Fe solubility (toxic); and (d) tidal influence such that during the wet season the land is flooded and during the dry season the land is dry. This research recommends that swamp land development for food estates requires: water management infrastructure rehabilitation, land management, adaptive and potential commodity selection and farmer institution strengthening and facilitation.
<em>Soybean is the main strategic food commodities after paddy and maize, as stated in the UU No. 7 Tahun 1996. Since 2009 until now, national soybean consumption has reach about 2 illion tones per year, but national soybean production just able to satisfy around 900 thousand tones per year, so it drawbacks met from imported soybeans. Contribution quantity of soybean imports reached more 70 persen of the domestic soybean demand per year, this is opposite to the Government aim has launched several years ago to become self-sufficient in soybeans at 2014. So that, we need a policy government to support soybeans self-sufficiency program. Soybeans self-sufficient will be achieved when the national soybeans production can meet the domestic soybeans demand, so that, the policy needs to be done is how to increase the quantity of the national soybeans production. In this study, a simulation analysis was conducted to provide the some alternative policy to improve soybeans production. The results of the analysis concluded that the national soybeans production will increase, at least 15 percent per year by increasing 25 percent the quantity of soybean seeds, 15 percent area harvested, 20 percent of imported soybean prices, 25 percent of national soybeans price, 30 percent soybean import tariffs, and the last is decreasing 150 percent of the quantity soybean imports. Simulation is determined based on the average growth rate of the historical data used.</em>
<p>Price changes affect all aspects of agricultural activities, especially on agricultural development.To increase the production of strategic commodities such as rice, maize, and soybean, needs special attention to the impact of price changes closely related to that trading, so it is expected that the implications for farming income will be better and can make farmers more prosperous in the future. Often the fact, the growth in food demand is faster than the growth of its supply, causing changes in the price of staple foodstuffs, and ultimately impacting at the farmers income whose are uncertain. This paper aims to analyze the impact of changes in rice,maize and soybean prices on that trading, and its implications for farm income. The determination of the Reference Price of Purchase which only considers the cost of farming to produce rice, corn and soybean has not provided optimal support for efforts to increase the income of pajale farming. Therefore, it is necessary to consider all cost components, as well as government intervention in helping to strengthen the bargaining position of farmers in the trading system of these three commodities in Indonesia, so that the supply chain from farmers to the hands of end consumers can be cut, in order to provide direct implications for increased farm revenues.</p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Perubahan harga memengaruhi seluruh aspek kegiatan pertanian, khususnya terhadap pembangunan pertanian. Untuk meningkatkan produksi komoditas pangan utama, seperti padi, jagung, dan kedelai diperlukan perhatian khusus terhadap dampak perubahan harga yang berkaitan erat dengan perdagangannya sehingga diharapkan pendapatan usaha tani menjadi lebih baik dan petani makin sejahtera kedepannya. Seringkali faktanya bahwa pertumbuhan permintaan pangan lebih cepat dari pertumbuhan penyediaannya yang menyebabkan perubahan harga pangan pokok sering bergejolak dan akhirnya berdampak pada pendapatan petani yang tidak menentu. Tulisan ini bertujuan menganalisis dampak perubahan harga padi, jagung dan kedelai terhadap perdagangannya, serta implikasinya terhadap pendapatan usaha tani. Penetapan harga acuan pembelian (HAP) yang hanya mempertimbangkan biaya usaha tani untuk memproduksi padi, jagung dan kedelai belum memberikan dukungan yang optimal bagi upaya peningkatan pendapatan usaha tani pajale. Untuk itu, perlunya mempertimbangkan semua komponen biaya serta intervensi pemerintah dalam membantu memperkuat posisi tawar petani dalam sistem perdagangan ketiga komoditas tersebut di Indonesia sehingga rantai pasok dari petani ke tangan konsumen akhir dapat dipangkas dengan tujuan dapat memberikan implikasi secara langsung terhadap peningkatan pendapatan usaha tani.</p>
The cocoa plant is a regional superior commodity that has great potential and is able to improve the community’s economy. This requires a touch of technological innovation from upstream to downstream through the Agro Techno Park Guguak, with the concept as a means of accelerating dissemination or technology transfer to the public. The purpose of this paper is to identify the Agro Techno Park development strategy in an effort to accelerate innovation in cocoa plant technology in West Sumatra. This research was conducted at Agro Techno Park Guguak, Lima Puluh Kota Regency, West Sumatra in 2021. The data analysis method used was the SWOT method. Based on the results of research on the development strategy of the Guguak Agro Techno Park in an effort to accelerate innovation in cocoa plant technology in West Sumatra, the Rapid Growth Strategy is a strategy. Strategies that can be implemented are (1) Regarding the high market demand for processed chocolate products, it is necessary to carry out post-harvest guidance and training for cocoa in a sustainable manner until they find the right market, (2) Agro Techno Park Guguak as a business incubator needs to foster melinial farmers. who have an entrepreneurial spirit, (3) guidance and sustainable assistance in cocoa farmer areas, (4) fostering farmer institutions in order to strengthen the bargaining position of cocoa farmers.
<strong>English</strong><br />Tobacco is one of the important commodities in Indonesia. The tobacco industry contributes significantly to the Indonesian economy, especially tax and excise as a source of government income, employment opportunity, source of income and regional development. However, tobacco and cigarettes has a negative impact on health and the environment. Indonesian cigarette industry is in a dilemma situation. Increasing public awareness about health and anti-smoking cigarettes causes a decrease of tobacco demand in the world and Indonesia, and its negative impact in the demand for tobacco leaf. This condition must be anticipated at the early stage with directive program in the development of tobacco crop substitution. This substitution can be carried out through the development of high value alternative crops with the application of technology and market assurances. Among these high value commodities are horticultural crops, like vegetables and ornamental plants. To ensure market and the application of technology for such crops, it is necessary to develop a partnership relation with the market actors. With a large number of smokers and a hereditary culture, Indonesia is considered as a potential market for the tobacco industry. This condition should allow a greater negative impact and social costs for Indonesia. To encounter such situation, Indonesia need a cigarette consumption reduction policy which could be applied through: (a) high cigarette tax and price, (b) strictly abandon promotion, advertisement and cigarette sponsorship in various events that involve young people, and (c) well-guarded stipulation on free smoking area.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Tembakau merupakan salah satu komoditas penting di Indonesia. Industri tembakau memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan bagi perekonomian Indonesia, terutama cukai dan devisa sebagai sumber penerimaan negara, lapangan kerja, sumber pendapatan dan pembangunan daerah. Namun, tembakau dan rokok memiliki dampak negatif terhadap kesehatan dan lingkungan. Industri rokok Indonesia berada dalam situasi dilema. Peningkatan kepedulian masyarakat tentang kesehatan dan gerakan anti-merokok menyebabkan penurunan permintaan dunia dan Indonesia pada rokok, dan berdampak kepada penurunan permintaan daun tembakau. Kondisi ini harus diantisipasi secara dini dan terprogram dalam bentuk pengembangan tanaman substitusi tembakau. Upaya substitusi ini dapat dilakukan melalui pengembangan tanaman alternatif bernilai ekonomi tinggi dengan penerapan teknologi dan jaminan pasar. Beberapa komoditas bernilai tinggi tersebut terutama tanaman hortikultura, seperti sayuran dan tanaman hias. Untuk memberikan kepastian pasar dan penerapan teknologi perlu dikembangkan pola kemitraan dengan pelaku pasar. Dengan jumlah penduduk yang besar dan memiliki budaya merokok yang turun temurun, Indonesia dinilai merupakan pasar yang potensial bagi industri rokok. Kondisi ini akan berakibat Indonesia akan menerima lebih besar dampak negatif dan biaya sosial. Untuk itu diperlukan kebijakan pengurangan konsumsi rokok melalui: (a) peningkatan cukai dan harga rokok, (b) pengendalian/pelarangan iklan dan sponsor rokok dalam kegiatan yang melibatkan remaja, dan (c) penetapan kawasan bebas rokok.
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