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Background: Derris elliptica extracts have a high larvicidal potential against the laboratory strain of Aedes aegypti larvae, but the effect on offspring larvae of pyrethroid-resistant strains of the species is lack understood. This study aimed to determine the larvicidal activity of the ethyl acetate extract of tuba root against the third-instar larvae of the Cypermethrin-resistant Ae. aegypti offspring. Methods: The experimental study occupied four levels of ethyl acetate extract of D. elliptica namely 10, 25, 50, and 100 ppm, and each level was four times replicated. As many as twenty of healthy third-instar larvae, offspring of Cypermethrin-resistant Ae. aegypti were subjected to each experiment group. Larval mortality rate and lethal concentration 50% subject (LC50) were calculated after 24 and 48 hours of exposure time. Results: Mortality of larvae increased directly proportional to the increase of extract concentration. Larval mortality rates after 24 and 48 hours of exposure were 40–67.5% and 62.5–97.5%, and LC50 were 34.945 and 6.461ppm, respectively. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate extract of D. elliptica has the high effectiveness larvicidal potential against the thirdinstar larvae, offspring of the Cypermethrin-resistant Ae. aegypti. Isolation of the specific compound is necessarily done to obtain the active ingredient for larvicide formulation.

Gingivitis merupakan tahap pertama dalam perkembangan penyakit periodontal, yang disebabkan oleh plak gigi. Bakteri yang ditemukan dalam plak tersebut adalah Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa). Perawatan gingivitis dapat dilakukan dengan berkumur larutan chlorhexidine 0,2. Bawang putih (Allium sativum) mengandung senyawa allicin yang memiliki efek antibakteri. Tujuan Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui efektivitas ekstrak bawang putih (Allium sativum) terhadap penghambatan pertumbuhan bakteri Aa sebagai penyebab gingivitis. Penelitian true eksperimental laboratoris dengan rancangan penelitian "post-test only control group design". Pengujian kemampuan antibakteri ekstrak bawang putih dengan menggunakan metode difusi sumuran. Pembuatan ekstrak dengan metode maserasi dengan konsentrasi 12,5%, 25%, 50%, dan chlorhexidine 0,2% sebagai kontrol positif. Pengulangan dilakukan 6 kali setiap konsentrasi dilanjutkan pengamatan zona hambat bakteri. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan nilai rerata zona hambat ekstrak bawang putih terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Aa dengan konsentrasi 50% sebesar 11,50 mm, konsentrasi 25% sebesar 8,17 mm, dan kontrol positif sebesar 7,22 mm namun konsentrasi 12,5% tidak menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Aa. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa konsentrasi 50% merupakan konsentrasi paling efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Aa.

Penyakit pulpa dan periapikal pada anak merupakan salah satu penyakit yang paling sering terjadi pada kasus penyakit gigi dan mulut. Penyakit ini disebabkan salah satunya oleh bakteri Enterococcus faecalis. Daun Rasamala (Altingia excelsa nornha) dipercaya sebagai antikanker dan antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa dari daun Rasamala yang mempunyai aktivitas sebagai antibakteri Enterococcus faecalis. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara eksperimental laboratorik menggunakan bakteri Enterococcus faecalis. Ekstrak etil asetat dipisahkan senyawanya dengan berbagai teknik kromatografi yang dipandu dengan uji antibakteri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan satu senyawa, yaitu apigenin. Senyawa apigenin diuji aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri Enterococcus faecalis dan menunjukkan nilai MIC 15,63 µg/mL. Analisis data menggunakan uji ANACOVA dengan tingkat kemaknaan α=0,05. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah senyawa dari daun Rasamala, yaitu Apigenin memiliki aktivitas sebagai antibakteri Enterococcus faecalis.

Background and Objective: Kalanchoe tomentosa is identified and their different characteristics regarding the antibacterial and antioxidant properties have a vast effect. Fresh K. tomentosa leaves obtained from Bandung, Indonesia was extracted using n-hexane followed by serial dichloromethane maceration. Materials and Methods: N-hexane and ethyl acetate were used to separate the dichloromethane extract using vacuum liquid chromatography and the isolated compounds were recrystallized with n-hexane. Results: About 37 mg of dichloromethane extract was obtained from the extraction process. Recrystallized compound isolates were identified as stigmast-5-en-3-ol or $-sitosterol. Both dichloromethane extract and $-sitosterol isolated compounds showed strong bacteriostatic activity against S. aureus with MIC = 15.63 and 7.81 µg mLG 1 and K. pneumonia with MIC = 7.81 and 31.25 µg mLG 1 , respectively. However, only dichloromethane extract exhibited a bactericidal effect (7.81 µg mLG 1 ). Conclusion: The pure $-sitosterol compound was isolated from K. tomentosa dichloromethane extract. Both the dichloromethane extract and the isolated $-sitosterol compound had antibacterial effects against S. aureus and K. pneumonia.

<p>Plak adalah pembentukan komunitas bakteri yang terorganisir pada permukaan gigi yang berupa lapisan tipis tidak berwarna. Pseudomonas aeruginosa adalah salah satu bakteri yang sangat berperan pada pembentukan plak. Metabolit sekunder yang terkandung dalam tanaman Kalanchoe tomentosa dapat digunakan sebagai antibakteri. Tahapan penelitian diawali dengan maserasi menggunakan pelarut n-heksan dan diklorometana. Ekstrak diklorometana dipisahkan menggunakan Kromatografi Cair Vakum (KCV) dengan n-heksana dan etil asetat sebagai pelarut bergradien selanjutnya direkristalisasi dengan n-heksan, hasil rekristalisasi didapatkan isolat 1. Isolat 1 dikarakterisasi dengan spektroskopi infra-red (IR), ultraviolet (UV) dan nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen (¹H NMR) serta dibandingkan dengan literatur. Isolat 1 diketahui merupakan stigmast-5-en-3ꞵ-ol atau ꞵ-sitosterol. Pada ekstrak diklorometana dan senyawa ꞵ-sitosterol kemudian ditentukan aktivitas antibakteri secara mikrodilusi didapatkan hasil bahwa ekstrak diklorometana dan senyawa ꞵ-sitosterol bukan hanya menunjukan sifat bakteriostatik tetapi juga bakterisid kuat terhadap bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosadengan nilai Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) &lt;100 µg/mL.</p><p><strong>Steroid Compounds from Cocor Bebek (Kalanchoe tomentosa) as Antibacterial Pseudomonas aeruginosa. </strong>Plaque is a thin, colorless layer that adheres tightly to the surface of the teeth and contains a collection of bacteria. One of the bacteria that can form dental plaque is Porphyromonas aeruginosa. Kalanchoe tomentosa contain secondary metabolite which can be used as antibacterial. Stages of the study begin with maceration using n-hexane and dichloromethane. Dichloromethane extract was separated using Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (KCV) using n-hexane and ethyl acetate solvents and then recrystallized with n-hexane, the recrystallization results were obtained by isolate 1. Isolate 1 was marked by IR spectroscopy, and ¹HNMR and compared with literature. Isolate 1 is known as stigmast-5-en-3ꞵ-ol or ꞵ-sitosterol. In dichloromethane extracts and ꞵ-sitosterol is determined by microdilution by microdilution. The results showed that dichloromethane extract and ꞵ-sitosterol compound not only showed strong bacteriostatic but also bacterisid activity against P. aeruginosa with Minimum Inhibiroty Concentration (MIC) &lt;100 μg / mL.</p>

Abstract. Sayono S, Anwar R, Sumanto D. 2021. Larvicidal activity evaluation of the chemical compounds isolated from n-hexane extract of Derris elliptica root against the Temephos-susceptible strain of Aedes aegypti larvae. Biodiversitas 23: 757-764. Aedes aegypti is the main vector of Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika diseases. Temephos resistance of this species has hampered vector control efforts worldwide. Studies proved that Derris elliptica extracts effectively controlled Aedes larvae, so the active compound needed to be isolated. This study evaluated the larvicidal activity of the chemical compounds isolated from n-hexane fractions of Tuba roots against the temephos-susceptible Ae. aegypti larvae. Six isolates were obtained from three of the seven n-hexane fractions. Three levels of concentration of each isolate were formulated for a preliminary bioassay test, and resulted in the two most active compounds, isolates 3 and 6. The final bioassay test results indicated that isolate 3 was more active than isolate 6 with LC50 and LC90 after 24 hours of exposure were 1.607 and 7.399 ppm, and after 48 hours of exposure were 0.926 and 3.206 ppm respectively. Isolate 6 also had high larvicidal activity after 48 hours of exposure, with LC50 and LC90 were 1.056 and 4.647 ppm. Further studies need to be carried out to determine the chemical structures and toxicity mechanisms of the bioactive compounds.

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