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Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) have not been properly utilized by most palm oil mills and communities in Indonesia. The processing and utilization of OPEFB by palm oil mills are still limited. Due to high cellulose contents, it potentially made into various bioproducts, especially as biomaterials. Therefore, a proper extraction technology is needed to obtain a high level of cellulose purity because alkaline treatment can solely remove a part of hemicellulose and lignin. A higher cellulose content can be obtained by further chemical treatments through the bleaching process. However, no information regarding the difference of the isolation performance method to produce cellulose purity by delignification first or vice versa bleaching as an initial stage. The research determined the purity of EFB cellulose with differences in the sequence of bleaching and alkaline delignification stages. The three methods were carried, namely the first method by bleaching using sodium chlorite 3% two times, followed by delignification of NaOH 10% at room temperature, second method with the same conditions but delignification of NaOH 10% at a temperature of 70-80°C and third method by delignification and continued bleaching under the same conditions. The results showed the bleaching method of sodium chlorite of 2 cycles and continued by alkaline delignification (NaOH 10%) at room temperature resulted in higher cellulose purity than other methods. The FTIR test results indicated the detection of the C-O functional group at a wavelength of 1196 cm-1 and the C-H functional group at a wavelength of 2967 cm-1.

Background and Objective: Kalanchoe tomentosa is identified and their different characteristics regarding the antibacterial and antioxidant properties have a vast effect. Fresh K. tomentosa leaves obtained from Bandung, Indonesia was extracted using n-hexane followed by serial dichloromethane maceration. Materials and Methods: N-hexane and ethyl acetate were used to separate the dichloromethane extract using vacuum liquid chromatography and the isolated compounds were recrystallized with n-hexane. Results: About 37 mg of dichloromethane extract was obtained from the extraction process. Recrystallized compound isolates were identified as stigmast-5-en-3-ol or $-sitosterol. Both dichloromethane extract and $-sitosterol isolated compounds showed strong bacteriostatic activity against S. aureus with MIC = 15.63 and 7.81 µg mLG 1 and K. pneumonia with MIC = 7.81 and 31.25 µg mLG 1 , respectively. However, only dichloromethane extract exhibited a bactericidal effect (7.81 µg mLG 1 ). Conclusion: The pure $-sitosterol compound was isolated from K. tomentosa dichloromethane extract. Both the dichloromethane extract and the isolated $-sitosterol compound had antibacterial effects against S. aureus and K. pneumonia.

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Investigation of the protective effect of gel incorporating Eugenia jambolana leaf extract on 5-fluorouracil-induced oral mucositis: an animal study (2022)

Nagara bean, the native bean of South Kalimantan, is not only contains carbohydrates and protein, but also contains oligosaccharide fractions such as raffinose and stachiose that can cause flatulence. Raffinosa Family Oligosacharide (RFO) is an undigested carbohydrate that is naturally found in beans. The presence of the oligosaccharide fraction can be identified through reducing sugar and total sugar content in nagara bean. The yield of this fraction depends on the type of material and extraction method, such as the type of solvent, solvent concentration, contact time and extraction temperature. This study was aimed to optimize the extraction of simple sugar fractions on nagara bean at several concentrations of ethanol with various ratio of nagara bean flour to ethanol using the Response Surface Methods (RSM). Optimization was carried out at the center point ethanol concentration of 50% and the ratio of nagara bean flour and ethanol of 1: 10. The optimization results of the simple sugar fraction extraction process in nagara bean flour were obtained at a concentration of 30% ethanol and a ratio of ethanol to nagara bean flour of 10: 1 at extraction conditions at 50° C and extraction time of 30 minutes.

Information from the user of ethnomedicine is required as the baseline data for further research and to conserve local medicine. To identify the association between knowledge , attitude , and practice (KAP) of ethnomedicine in common oral and dental diseases. A cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study was conducted on patients attending IIUM dental clinic within three months. A total of participants aged and above were conveniently selected to answer quantitative questionnaires. The relationship between knowledge , attitude and practice scores was analysed using Spearman correlation coefficient. The participants were Malay, Chinese, Indian and Others with frequency of ( . %), ( . %), ( . %) and ( . %), respectively. They were . % male and . % female. . % were educated. The participants were knowledgeable in common oral diseases ( . %). Knowledge of ethnomedicine was correlated with attitude (rho= . , p= .) and practice (rho= . , p= . ), while attitude was correlated with practice (rho= . , p= .). There was a clear pattern of using ethnomedicine to treat oral and dental diseases with significant correlation between KAP. Therefore, further studies on the efficiency and efficacy of the findings described in this study is highly advisable.