O trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o desempenho, em sacolas, de clones de eucalipto, produzidos em diferentes recipientes e substratos, com ênfase na persistência das deformações radiculares originadas no viveiro e na produção de raízes. As mudas foram produzidas em tubetes (50 cm³) e em blocos prensados (40 x 60 x 7 cm - 16.800 cm³), sendo utilizados como substratos: casca de arroz carbonizada com casca de eucalipto, bagaço de cana com torta de filtro; e turfa. As mudas, com 90 dias, foram transplantadas para sacos plásticos (20 L), com solo da área de plantio. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 7, constituído por dois clones (híbridos naturais de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden e E. saligna Smith) e sete tratamentos, com variação de recipientes e substrato, com quatro repetições, constituídas por quatro plantas. Dois meses após o transplantio, as plantas foram avaliadas quanto ao crescimento em diâmetro ao nível do solo, altura da parte aérea, número de raízes emitidas, comprimento, área superficial e deformação do sistema radicular. As plantas originadas de mudas produzidas em blocos prensados apresentaram melhor desempenho nas avaliações realizadas em relação às dos tubetes. As deformações radiculares causadas por recipientes de paredes rígidas tendem a persistir após a fase de viveiro.

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade de mudas de híbridos naturais de Eucalyptus grandis e E. saligna produzidas a partir de miniestacas, em tubetes de 50 cc e em blocos prensados com as dimensões de 40 x 60 x 7cm. O experimento foi realizado em DIC, no fatorial 2 x 7 (2 clones e 7 tratamentos) com quatro repetições, no viveiro da Aracruz Celulose S.A., no período de julho a setembro de 2002. Foram analisadas as adequações dos substratos, casca de arroz carbonizada + casca de eucalipto (AR), bagaço de cana + torta de filtro (BT) e turfa, para produção de mudas nos dois tipos de recipientes. Foram feitas avaliações de diâmetro e altura das brotações, área foliar e massa seca da parte aérea. O substrato BT, quando em tubetes, não apresentou bom resultado, sendo o inverso observado quando se utilizou esse substrato em sistemas de blocos prensados. As mudas produzidas nesse sistema exibiram maior velocidade no crescimento.

In order to determine how environmental and physiological factors affect leaf gas exchange in a 9-year-old clonal eucalypt plantation (Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex. Maiden hybrids) in the State of Espirito Santo, Brazil, the diurnal patterns of predawn leaf water potential (Ψ pd ), and leaf gas exchange were monitored from November 1995 to August 1996. Soil water content (Θ) and microclimatic variables were also recorded. Most of the rainfall during the experimental period occurred from October to December 1995 and from March to April 1996, causing a significant variation in Θ and Ψ pd . A high positive correlation (r 2 =0.92) was observed between Ψ pd and Θ measured at 0.3 m depth from the soil surface. During conditions of high soil water availability, the maximum values of stomatal conductance for water vapor (g s ) and net photosynthetic rate (A) were over 0.4 mol m -2 s -2 and l5 µmol m -2 s -1 , respectively. The results showed that Ψ pd and leaf gas exchange of the examined trees were susceptible to changes in the water content of the upper soil layers, where the major concentration of active roots occur. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that photosynthetic active radiation (Q), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), atmospheric CO 2 molar fraction (C a ), and Ψ pd were the most important factors controlling g s whereas Q and VPD were the main microclimatic variables controlling A.Leaf gas exchange in a clonal eucalypt plantation as related to soil moisture, leaf water potential and microclimate variables

We measured CO(2) efflux from wood for Eucalyptus in Hawaii for 7 years and compared these measurements with those on three- and four-and-a-half-year-old Eucalyptus in Brazil. In Hawaii, CO(2) efflux from wood per unit biomass declined approximately 10x from age two to age five, twice as much as the decline in tree growth. The CO(2) efflux from wood in Brazil was 8-10x lower than that for comparable Hawaii trees with similar growth rates. Growth and maintenance respiration coefficients calculated from Hawaii wood CO(2) efflux declined with tree age and size (the growth coefficient declined from 0.4 mol C efflux mol C(-1) wood growth at age one to 0.1 mol C efflux mol C(-1) wood growth at age six; the maintenance coefficient from 0.006 to 0.001 micromol C (mol C biomass)(-1) s(-1) at 20 degrees C over the same time period). These results suggest interference with CO(2) efflux through bark that decouples CO(2) efflux from respiration. We also compared the biomass fractions and wood CO(2) efflux for the aboveground woody parts for 3- and 7-year-old trees in Hawaii to estimate how focusing measurements near the ground might bias the stand-level estimates of wood CO(2) efflux. Three-year-old Eucalyptus in Hawaii had a higher proportion of branches < 0.5 cm in diameter and a lower proportion of stem biomass than did 7-year-old trees. Biomass-specific CO(2) efflux measured at 1.4 m extrapolated to the tree could bias tree level estimates by approximately 50%, assuming no refixation from bark photosynthesis. However, the bias did not differ for the two tree sizes. Foliar respiration was identical per unit nitrogen for comparable treatments in Brazil and Hawaii (4.2 micromol C mol N(-1) s(-1) at 20 degrees C).

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito da variação de altura e diâmetro de colo de mudas clonais do híbrido de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla sobre o crescimento após o plantio nos sítios de Aracruz-ES, Mucuri-BA, Montanha-ES e Carlos Chagas-MG. As classes selecionadas foram: mudas altas e grossas (AG), mudas altas com diâmetro médio (AM), mudas médias com diâmetro grosso (MG), mudas médias com diâmetro médio (MM), mudas pequenas com diâmetro médio (PM) e mudas pequenas com diâmetro fino (PF). Os valores dessas classes foram: altura: A (31-40 cm), M (21-30 cm) e P (10-20 cm); diâmetro: G (3,1-4,0 mm), M (2,1-3,0 mm) e F (1,5-2,0 mm). As mudas, 90 dias após o transplantio nos tubetes e consideradas rustificadas, foram plantadas e as avaliações de altura (H) e diâmetro (D), feitas no 1°, 2°, 3°, 6° e 12° meses. A massa de matéria seca de folhas, lenho, casca, galhos e raízes finas, médias e grossas foram avaliadas no sexto mês. Mudas com maiores dimensões de altura e diâmetro apresentaram maior crescimento inicial, mas as diferenças tenderam a diminuir ao longo do tempo. O sítio de Carlos Chagas teve as piores condições para o crescimento das plantas.

Regeneration problems are one of the main limitations preventing the wider application of genetic engineering strategies to the genus Eucalyptus. Seedlings from Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla were selected according to their regeneration (adventitious organogenesis) and transformation capacity. After in vitro cloning, the best genotype of 250 tested was transformed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. A cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) antisense cDNA from Eucalyptus gunnii was transferred, under the control of the 35S CaMV promoter with a double enhancer sequence, into a selected genotype. According to kanamycin resistance and PCR verification, 120 transformants were generated. 58% were significantly inhibited for CAD activity, and nine exhibited the highest down-regulation, ranging from 69 to 78% (22% residual activity). Southern blot hybridisation showed a low transgene copy number, ranging from 1 to 4, depending on the transgenic line. Northern analyses on the 5-16 and 3-23 lines (respectively one and two insertion sites) demonstrated the antisense origin of CAD gene inhibition. With respectively 26 and 22% of residual CAD activity, these two lines were considered as the most interesting and transferred to the greenhouse for further analyses.