Passiflora actinia Hook (common name: ‘maracujá do mato’) is an important medicinal species due to significant sedative and anxiolytic activities. In order to commercially exploit the plant, however, studies on propagation to improve rooting in stem cuttings are needed. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of the brown seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol.) extract when applied on P. actinia stem cuttings bases. Five concentrations of the extract in distilled water were evaluated: 0% (pure distilled water), 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. The experimental design was completely randomized with 4 repetitions and 12 cuttings per experimental unit. Cuttings were evaluated 45 days from planting. Data were analyzed through polynomial regression analysis and Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated for all the variables. On average, 51.27% rooting was achieved. Rooting percentage increased linearly according to the brown seaweed extract concentrations. When compared to the control treatment, about 10% increase in rooting was observed at the treatment with 40% seaweed extract. Leaf retention response to A. nodosum increasing concentrations was also adjusted in a positive linear model. A 15.6% increase in leaf retention was observed at the 40% seaweed concentration when compared to the control. Positive correlations were observed for leaf retention and rooting percentage and leaf retention and roots length. The immersion of P. actinia stem cuttings bases in A. nodosum extract at a concentration of 40% promote positive effects on rooting and facilitate the species propagation.

Pinus tecunumanii é uma das espécies tropicais mais importantes do gênero Pinus no Brasil. Este trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver um protocolo de micropropagação para Pinus tecunumanii a partir de gemas apicais de plantas jovens mantidas em casa de vegetação. Para a assepsia foi avaliado o efeito de 0,05 ou 0,1% de cloreto de mercúrio em combinação com 0 ou 1 g L-1 de fungicida e NaOCl. O efeito de 2 ou 4 µM BA (6-benzil adenina) foi avaliado na multiplicação in vitro ao longo de três subcultivos. O efeito da adição de 1,5 g L-1 de carvão ativado foi avaliado no meio de alongamento. Para o enraizamento, o efeito dos sais WV5 meia força e de 20 g L-1 de sacarose foi avaliado em meio suplementado com 2.68 µM ácido naftaleno acético (ANA) e 0.44 µM BA. A assepsia dos explantes com 0,05% de cloreto de mercúrio, hipoclorito de sódio, com ou sem fungicida foi eficiente no estabelecimento in vitro de até 83,3% dos explantes. Em meio suplementado com 2 ou 4 µM BA ocorreu multiplicação de brotações adventícias e após o terceiro subcultivo, 70,83% dos explantes formaram novos brotos em meio suplementado com 2 µM BA, com uma média de 3,7 novos brotos por explante. Em meio suplementado com carvão ativado foi observado alongamento em 59,76% dos explantes, enquanto no meio sem carvão 33,33% dos explantes alongaram. Foi observado enraizamento em 14,8% dos explantes em meio suplementado com sais WV5.

This work investigates the effect of different drying processes on chemical, nutritional and leaves colour characteristics for Ilex paraguariensis leaves. These processes were composed of typical drying techniques (roasting + rotary dryer and roasting + conveyor dryer), and cutting-edge techniques (microwave oven [MW], freeze-drying (FD) and oven dryer [OD]). The MW can be an alternative technique, this is because the content of phenolic compounds (77 mg/g), antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS) (∼370 and ∼1040 μM TE/g), methylxanthines and caffeoylquinic acids (2–4 mg/g) were similar, and sometimes higher, to the conventional drying processes. Leaves dried with MW also exhibited satisfactory nutritional analysis for protein (16.4%), dietary fibre (52.3%), ash (6.4%), lipid (6.1%) and moisture (5.7%), implying that yerba mate is a potential source of fibre and protein. Furthermore, the MW preserved leaves green colour (high and low scores of b* and a*, respectively).

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Dried leaves and fine branches of the endemic South American plant commonly named as yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil), or mate, are used for preparing non-alcoholic beverages known as chimarrão and tererê. These beverages are consumed in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Brazil (Machado et al., 2007). Recently, after it is dried and toasted, the commonly known mate tea (Duarte et al., 2020; de Godoy et al., 2013) is now being consumed in other countries as well, including the United States, Germany and Syria (Cardozo Junior & Morand, 2016). The global market for tea is expected to grow by $ 7.9 billion between 2017 and 2022, with an average rate of four percent annually (higher than either coffee or other hot drinks) (Bolton & Bolton, 2019) and following the global

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Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) produces several secondary metabolites of interest to the pharmaceutical industry, such as chlorogenic acids and methylxanthines. These compounds have been produced in vitro by callus culture from different species. However, for I. paraguariensis, no studies upon the production of these compounds in vitro have been performed to date. In this work, we show that the concentration of secondary metabolites from I. paraguariensis callus is possible and highly dependent on the callus growth phase. We observed that the best phase for the production of secondary compounds in calli of yerba mate is the stationary growth phase on both genotypes tested. In this phase, higher levels of phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and greater antioxidant activity were observed. Chlorogenic acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid presented positive correlation with antioxidant activity. For the first time, secondary compounds were reported in yerba mate calli cultivated in vitro.

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