The three-dimensional ultrasound-assessed thigh volume has better accuracy in predicting birth weight than the commonly used formulas by two-dimensional ultrasound, and it may improve fetal weight prediction in clinical practice. However, a large-scale prospective validation study may be needed to confirm our conclusions.

Heart volume may provide important information on the status of fetal hemodynamics. However, traditionally fetal heart volume has been assessed with the erroneous assumption that the fetal heart is spherical or elliptical. With the advent of three-dimensional ultrasound, accurate assessment of organ volume has become feasible. The objectives of this study were to compare the reproducibility of two-dimensional ultrasound and three-dimensional ultrasound in the assessment of heart volume, and to test whether heart volume assessed by the traditional method of two-dimensional ultrasound equates to that assessed by three-dimensional ultrasound. If it proved to be significantly different, we aimed to find a new constant which, if incorporated into the traditional formula used to determine heart volume, would enable us to achieve more accurate volumes with two-dimensional ultrasound. In total, 50 normal singleton fetuses ranging from 20 to 30 weeks' gestation were included in the study. Both the traditional two-dimensional and the new three-dimensional volume measurements were compared. The results showed that three-dimensional ultrasound has a better reproducibility than two-dimensional ultrasound in heart volume assessment and that heart volume assessed by the traditional formula of two-dimensional ultrasound is significantly larger than that measured by three-dimensional ultrasound (p < 0.001). We therefore propose that, if the traditional two-dimensional equation is to be used, the constant for heart volume could be modified to 0.4563 (SE = 0.0153, n = 50) to achieve more accurate results. With this new constant, the heart volume derived by two-dimensional ultrasound was not found to differ from that measured by three-dimensional ultrasound. From our series, we conclude that three-dimensional ultrasound is theoretically the best method for the assessment of heart volume. However, because of the limitations of three-dimensional ultrasound (i.e. it is not routinely available, it is more expensive and more time-consuming) two-dimensional ultrasound in practical terms should be the method of choice. Although we were able to improve the accuracy of the heart volume measurements using a new constant in the traditional two-dimensional formula, the new constant will not improve variability, which can only be reduced by three-dimensional ultrasound.

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We report here the earliest prenatal diagnosis to date of a case of ectopia cordis using both two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound at 10 weeks of gestation. Both two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound clearly revealed a thoracoabdominal ectopia cordis and an omphalocele. Histopathological examination confirmed the prenatal ultrasonic findings. In addition to an ectopia cordis, a supraumbilical hepato-omphalocele, absence of a pericardium and an anterior diaphragmatic defect were seen, although there was a normal sternum. These pathological findings, suggested that our case was a variant of pentalogy of Cantrell.

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Color Doppler is a useful tool in the differentiation of placental masses. Such masses should be followed up regularly because their growth rate is variable and unpredictable.

Although fetal mediastinal teratomas may result in respiratory distress in the neonatal period and lead to perinatal mortality, they are rarely diagnosed prenatally. Furthermore, their impact on fetal hemodynamics has never been described. We report a case of a large fetal mediastinal teratoma prenatally visualized at 38 weeks' gestation by both two- and three- dimensional ultrasound. We also describe the associated changes in the Doppler flow velocimetry, namely, a decrease in cardiac output, prolonged acceleration time in the pulmonary artery and an increase in the umbilical artery S/D ratio. The baby was well at the 5-month follow-up after an operation in the neonatal period. From our case, we believe that accurate prenatal diagnosis and assessment by two- and three-dimensional ultrasound as well as Doppler flow velocimetry may contribute to a better perinatal outcome.