The production of melanin pigments by melanocytes and their quantity, quality, and distribution play a decisive role in determining human skin, eye, and hair color, and protect the skin from adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and oxidative stress from various environmental pollutants. Melanocytes reside in the basal layer of the interfollicular epidermis and are compensated by melanocyte stem cells in the follicular bulge area. Various stimuli such as eczema, microbial infection, ultraviolet light exposure, mechanical injury, and aging provoke skin inflammation. These acute or chronic inflammatory responses cause inflammatory cytokine production from epidermal keratinocytes as well as dermal fibroblasts and other cells, which in turn stimulate melanocytes, often resulting in skin pigmentation. It is confirmed by some recent studies that several interleukins (ILs) and other inflammatory mediators modulate the proliferation and differentiation of human epidermal melanocytes and also promote or inhibit expression of melanogenesis-related gene expression directly or indirectly, thereby participating in regulation of skin pigmentation. Understanding of mechanisms of skin pigmentation due to inflammation helps to elucidate the relationship between inflammation and skin pigmentation regulation and can guide development of new therapeutic pathways for treating pigmented dermatosis. This review covers the mechanistic aspects of skin pigmentation caused by inflammation.
This paper aimed to explore the factors affecting entrepreneurship development in the online retailing business in Bangladesh. The study was conducted on a sample of 78 business owners who start and run online stores. It has used a quantitative research approach to discover the factors. According to the findings of this study, factors such as confidence, risk tolerance, and the need for independence are important but insufficient. The results show that the need for independence and confidence has a vigorous effect on starting businesses in the e-retailing sector. Other factors like risk tolerance, need for achievement, market economic trends, and attitude towards entrepreneurial behavior strongly affect the development of an entrepreneurial mindset in dot-com retailing in Bangladesh. The ability to make professional connections, gain family support, and gain entrepreneurial education have a few positive effects. E-retailers do not have adequate opportunities to access entrepreneurial education. The ability to build professional connections also needs to improve.
Maintenance of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) activity is relied on axonal transport conveying materials required for their survival such as neurotrophic factors. Kinesin-1 undergoes anterograde transport in axons, and Alcadein α (Alcα; also called calsyntenin-1) is a major cargo adaptor protein that can drive kinesin-1 to transport vesicles containing Alcα. The long-term effects of Alcα-deficiency on retinal morphology and survival of RGCs during postnatal development were examined in Alcα knockout mice. At 1.5, 3, 6, and 15 months postnatal, the number of retrogradely labeled RGCs was determined in flat-mounted retinas of Alcα-deficient and wild-type mice. Retinal damage was assessed histologically by determining the retinal thickness. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured with a Tonolab tonometer. At 1.5 months postnatal, the number of retrogradely labeled RGCs was not different between wild-type and Alcαdeficient mice. However, at 3, 6, and 15 months postnatal, the number of RGCs was significantly lower in Alcα deficient mice than those of wild-type mice (143 ± 41.1 cells/mm 2 vs. 208 ± 28.4 cells/mm 2 , respectively, at 3 months; P < 0.01). No differences were seen in retinal thickness or IOP between the two types of mice at any postnatal age. Alcαdeficient mice showed spontaneous loss of RGCs but no elevation in IOP. These mice mimic normal-tension glaucoma and will be useful for investigating the mechanism of neurodegeneration in this disorder and for developing treatments for RGC loss that does not involve changes in IOP.
Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a malignant neoplasm that arises in areas rich in apocrine glands. 1 Mammary Paget's disease was first described by James Paget in 1874. 2 Radcliffe Crocker reported EMPD involving the scrotum and penis in 1889, 3 and William Dubreuilh described vulvar EMPD in 1901. 4 As of now, it has been known that EMPD occurs more frequently in Asians (10 cases per million) than in Westerners (0.9 cases per million), and the most frequently affected site is the vulva, followed by perianal, scrotal, and penile skin. 5 In the clinical diagnosis of EMPD, it is often misdiagnosed as many other benign inflammatory skin diseases such as contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, eczema, and superficial fungal infections due to
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