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In this paper, advanced DC-Link (DCL) based reversing voltage type Multilevel Inverter (MLI) topologies by compensating the difficulties in the conventional MLIs are reviewed. These topologies consist of less switching components and driver circuits when compared with conventional MLIs predominantly in higher levels. Consequently, installation area, total cost and hardware difficulties are reduced by increasing the voltage levels. The unipolar based Pulse Width Modulation Schemes (PWMS) will improve DCL inverters performance. This paper presents unipolar Multi-Reference (MR) based sine and space vector PWMS with single triangular carrier wave for generating required levels in output voltage. Comparison between UMR sine and space vector PWMS for DCL inverter topologies is presented in terms of Fundamental Output Voltage (FOV) and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). The research tries to establish the survey analysis for single-phase 7-level DCL based reversing voltage type MLI topologies with UMR based sine and space vector PWMs. Finally, to confirm the feasibility of proposed DCL-MLIs in terms of FOV and THD the simulation results are incorporated. Further, the prototype model is developed for single-phase 7-level DCL inverter with Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based UMR sine and space vector PWMS to authenticate simulation results. The efficiency of the proposed cascaded MLI achieves the value of 99.003%.

This paper has simulated two experimental CIGSSe thin-film solar cells (TFSCs) having a high efficiency of 20% and 22.92%. Later validates the photovoltaics results of both devices based on the experiential values of optoelectronics data. After the simulation, a compelling result was confirmed for both the experimental and simulation solar cells. Finally, different designs have also been proposed. The proposed Type-1 solar cell is designed by the addition of low resistivity, wide energy bandgap (Eg), and minimum absorption coefficient (α) based tin-doped manganese oxide (Sn1 − xMnxO2) material in a conventional solar cell instead of ZnO: B and ZnMgO: Al transparent conducting oxides (TCO) layer. Further, by matching the band energy alignment and adjusting the thickness and doping concentration of the TCO, buffer, and absorber layers, the efficiency of the proposed Type-1 TFSC has been increased from 20 to 27.75%. The proposed Type-1 solar cell has some drawbacks, such as the inability to appropriately suppress the photogenerated minority carrier recombination losses due to the absence of a hole transport layer (HTL), and the EQE is relatively lesser than the conventional solar cell. Furthermore, wide band energy and a high ‘α’ based on cuprous oxide (Cu2O) as a HTL are added between the absorber and the back ohmic contact layers in the proposed Type-1 solar cell. Then the structure becomes a proposed Type-2 TFSC. The proposed Type-2 TFSC absorbs more blue light, instantly suppressing the recombination losses and enhancing efficiency (29.01%) and EQE (97%).

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