Background: Root canal irrigation is one of the most important stages during root canal treatment. One of the requirements of root canal irrigation material is that it can eradicate the smear layer but does not alter the physical properties of the root canal dentin. Objective: To investigate the effect of chitosan nanoparticle as a final irrigation solution on the smear layer removal, micro-hardness and surface roughness of root canal dentin. Methods: Seventy-two premolars used in this study and divided by three evaluations, namely smear layer removal, micro-hardness and surface roughness. Each study used 24 teeth and was assigned randomly into three groups of eight teeth. Group-1, final irrigation with 17% EDTA; group-2, with 0.2% chitosan nanoparticles; group-3, with 2.5% NaOCl. Specimens were evaluated for smear layer removal, micro-hardness and surface roughness using a Scanning Electron Microscope, Vickers hardness tester and surface roughness measuring instrument, respectively. Data obtained from smear layer removal evaluation were statically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U and data from micro-hardness and surface roughness were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Results: Final irrigation using 0.2% chitosan nanoparticles produced similar smear layer removal than 17% EDTA (P>0.05), but it was greater than 2.5% NaOCl (P<0.05). Chitosan had higher micro-hardness and lower surface roughness than EDTA (P<0.05), but it was the same as 2.5% NaOCl (P>0.05). Conclusion: Final irrigation using 0.2% chitosan nanoparticles had the same effect on smear layer removal compared to 17% EDTA; however, 0.2% chitosan produced higher micro-hardness and lower surface roughness of root canal dentin than 17% EDTA.

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh eugenol terhadap jumlah sel in amasi (netro l, makrofag dan limfosit) pada pulpa gigi terin amasi. Tiga puluh ekor tikus Sprague Dawley jantan berumur 3-4 bulan dengan berat badan 300-350 g dibagi secara acak dalam 2 kelompok yaitu perlakuan dan kontrol. Tikus diinjeksi ketamine HCl i.m. (0,1 ml/100 gram BB) sebelum dilakukan preparasi kavitas pada permukaan oklusal gigi molar satu rahang atas. Preparasi kavitas dibuat dengan menggunakan bur bulat No.010 hingga kedalaman pulpa. Pada dasar kavitas kelompok perlakuan (15 ekor) diberi eugenol dan kelompok kontrol (15 ekor) diberi akuades, kemudian kavitas ditumpat sementara. Tiga ekor tikus dari masing-masing kelompok dikorbankan pada 1, 3, 5, 7 dan 14 hari pasca preparasi kavitas. Tikus diinjeksi ketamine HCl i.m. (0,1 ml/100 gram BB) pada paha kemudian jaringan diambil, diproses secara histologis dan dicat dengan hematoxylin eosin. Data jumlah sel in amasi (netro l, makrofag dan limfosit) dianalisis dengan Two Way Anova. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rerata jumlah in ltrasi sel in amasi kelompok perlakuan lebih rendah dibandingkan kontrol dan berbeda bermakna (p<0,05). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pemberian eugenol pada pulpa gigi tikus Sprague Dawley yang mengalami in amasi dapat menurunkan jumlah sel in amasi (netro l, makrofag dan limfosit). ml / 100 g BW) on the thigh then tissues were collected for histological process and stained using haematoxylin eosin. The number of in ammatory cells (neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes) was analysed by Two-Way Anova. The result of the study showed number of in ammatory cells in ltration of treated group was lower than control and showed signi cant differences between groups (p <0.05). The conclusion from this study is eugenol administration in Sprague Dawley rats's in amed dental pulp can reduce the number of in ammatory cells (neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes). Keywords: eugenol, pulpitis, in ammatory cells PENDAHULUANPulpitis merupakan peradangan pulpa sebagai reaksi jaringan ikat vaskuler yang sangat penting terhadap cedera. 1Pulpitis mirip dengan in amasi pada jaringan ikat di bagian tubuh lainnya. Sel-sel yang berhubungan dengan reaksi in amasi pada jaringan ikat adalah leukosit polimorfonuklear dan leukosit mononuklear termasuk makrofag dan limfosit. 2Pulpitis dapat diklasi kasikan sebagai pulpitis reversibel, ireversibel dan hiperplastik. Pulpitis ireversibel seringkali merupakan akibat atau perkembangan dari pulpitis reversible 1 yang ditandai dengan nyeri spontan yang intermiten, 1 atau nyeri akut dan intens yang sulit dikontrol dengan obat penghilang rasa sakit, 3 sehingga membutuhkan penanganan segera. Dahulu, penanganan rasa nyeri pada pasien pulpitis dengan cara devitalisasi pulpa kemudian ditumpat sementara. Hal ini dilakukan sebelum pasien mendapatkan penanganan dokter gigi spesialis.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the incorporation of chitosan nanoparticles into epoxy resin-based sealer on its setting time, flowability and solubility.  Methods: This study was divided into three evaluations: setting time, flowability, and solubility of sealers. Each study used 20 samples, which were divided into two groups. Group 1, epoxy resin-based sealers, and group 2, epoxy resin-based sealers mixed with chitosan nanoparticles. The Gilmore needle was used to observe the setting time, a simple press method based on ISO 6876 was employed to evaluate the flowability of the sealer, and the solubility test, which was according to ISO 6876 standard, was used to determine the solubility of sealers. The surface structure of the sealers before and after the solubility test was observed under Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The data obtained from each study were analyzed by an unpaired t-test with a degree of significance of 95%. Results: The results showed that the setting time of epoxy resin and epoxy resin incorporated with chitosan were 567±30.20 and 572.5±27.91 min, flowability was 25.06±0.89 and 23.18±1.06 mm, and solubility was 0.0051%±0.0016 and 0.0045%±0.0018, respectively. No significant difference occurred between epoxy resin-based sealer and epoxy resin-based sealer mixed with chitosan nanoparticles in setting time, flowability, and solubility of sealers (*P>0.05).  Conclusion: The incorporation of chitosan nanoparticles produced a similar effect in setting time, flowability, and solubility as the epoxy resin-based sealer. Thus, epoxy resin-based sealer mixed with chitosan nanoparticles had acceptable properties in setting time, flowability, and solubility based on ISO 6876 standards.

A good sealing ability of apical part of root canal system is needed to prevent microleakage thus resulting long-lasting successful treatment. Chitosan nanoparticles as nanofillers could be added to epoxy resin sealer to increase adaptation to dentinal wall. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the apical sealing ability of chitosan nanoparticles addition to epoxy-resin-based sealer. Thirty mandibular premolars were used in this study. The root canals were prepared using rotary files up to #30/0.09. The canal was irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA, then was rinsed with sterile water. All teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=10). Group I was obturated with gutta-percha, Group II was obturated with gutta-percha and epoxy resin sealer, group III was obturated with gutta-percha and epoxy resin sealer that was added with chitosan nanoparticles. All specimens were stored in an incubator for 7 days at 37 °C. After that, specimens were tested with centrifuging dye penetration method with methylene blue 2% solution. The specimens were longitudinally sectioned, observed under stereomicroscope (8x magnification) and measured in millimeters (mm). The data were analyzed using one-way Anova. The results of one-way Anova showed that dye penetration in apical part of the root canal in all groups was statistically significant difference. The addition of chitosan nanoparticles to epoxy resin sealer increases the apical sealing ability of root canal obturation material.