Background: Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an anticancer drug utilized for treatment of many types of cancer. CP causes many side effects such as hepatotoxicity and mutagenicity. Garlic has long been used as a spice and food additive and is considered as one of the important medicinal plants. Garlic had medicinal importance as it has hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antihypertensive, and antihyperlipidemic properties. The purpose of the presented study is to investigate the protective role of aged black garlic against cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity and apoptosis. The present work was carried out by routine histological H&E stain, histochemical Feulgen stain for DNA, immunohistochemical stain Bcl-2 as apoptotic marker, comet assay, serum biochemical analysis for liver function markers (ALT, AST, albumin, and bilirubin), and hepatic oxidative stress markers (MDA, CAT, SOD, and GPx). Results: Cyclophosphamide induced histological alteration as fatty degeneration, blood venous congestion, pyknosis, necrosis, and vaculations. CP caused a decrease of DNA content, an increase of Bcl-2 immunoreactivity, and increase of DNA damage. Biochemical investigations showed that CP induced significant elevation of ALT, AST, bilirubin, and hepatic MDA. Moreover, CP induced reduction of albumin and hepatic SOD, CAT, and GPx values. Aged black garlic induced significant improvement of alterations induced by CP, when compared with CP-treated group. Conclusion: Aged black garlic succeeded in protecting the liver from apoptosis and pathological alterations induced by CP.

Background: Gibberellic acid is an endogenous plant growth regulator, it has many toxic effects including testicular toxicity. Phoenix dactylifera L. (date palm) is widely used in traditional medicine as anticancer, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, gastrointestinal protective and antimicrobial agent. Aim: The present work aimed to clarify the impact of Phoenix dactylifera L. leave oil extract on testicular toxicity induced by gibberellic acid in albino rats. Materials and Methods: Five groups of rats were used. Group1: control, Group 2: corn oil group, Group 3: Phoenix dactylifera L. leaves oil extract group , Group 4: Gibberellic acid group .Group 5 : Phoenix dactylifera L. leaves oil extract and Gibberellic acid group. Histomorphometric, Histochemical, immunohistochemical and biochemical alterations were investigated in testicular tissue and serum. Results: Gibberellic acid induced histopathological alterations, significantly decreased the Johnsen score of spermatogenesis, and significantly decreased the germ cell proliferation index (PI). , significantly decrease the epithelial height and tubular diameter and total glycogen content. Immuohistochemically, Gibberellic acid significantly decreased PCNA and GULT-3, while α-SMA was significantly increased. Gibberellic acid decreased serum testosterone, progesterone and LH hormones and testicular antioxidants, and significantly increased testicular MDA. Treating rats with both Phoenix dactylifera L. leaves oil extract and Gibberellic acid ameliorated all histopathological morphometric, histochemical, immunohistochemical and biochemical alterations induced by Gibberellic acid. Conclusion: Phoenix dactylifera L. leaves oil extract could ameliorate the histopathological and toxicological alterations induced by Gibberellic acid.

Propolis is a common natural ingredient used in food production, food packaging, and pharmaceutical products. Therefore, the aim of our study was to prepare dipping sauce powders as an innovative functional product with a regular and spicy taste from economical raw materials with high nutritional value. The developed products were fortified with propolis powder at 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg. All studied dipping sauces were subjected to a palatability test, a nutritional evaluation, and a microbiological assay performed during 6 months of storage. In addition, an in vivo study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of these products in preventing the testicular toxicity disorders induced by cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in albino rats. Based on the palatability test, the dipping sauces supplemented with propolis at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg were preferred. Moreover, all samples were safe to consume within 6 months. Biological results showed that all investigated propolis-enriched dipping sauce samples caused an improvement in all CdCl2-induced testicular histopathological and biochemical changes, especially the spicy dipping sauce powder fortified with 500 mg/kg of propolis.

Aim: To evaluate the ability of red and white hibiscus (H) in improving the epithelial barrier in indomethacin-induced duodenal and colonic inflammation, compared with prebiotic and to investigate whether the red and/or white hibiscus can be used as natural prebiotic like agents. Methods: Histological, histomorphometric, histochemical demonstration for goblets cells and mucin intensity. Immunohistochemical demonstration of COX-2, and tight junctions (Claudin-1 and E-cadherin) were examined. Duodenal and colonic TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, PGE2, MPO, MDA, TAC, besides, serum CRP were evaluated. Results: Indomethacin induced inflammation and ulceration in the duodenum and colon, with significant depletion in goblet cell count and mucin intensity. COX-2 was increased while claudin-1 and E-cadherin were significantly diminished. Tissue TNF-α, IL-6, MPO, MDA, and serum CRP were elevated significantly by indomethacin, while IL-10, PGE2 and TAC were reduced. Co-treatment with red H, white H, or prebiotics plus indomethacin improved significantly duodenal and colonic histoarchitecture, tissue contents of PAS cells, mucin, claudin-1 and E-cadherin, while COX-2 reduced. TNF-α, IL-6, MPO, MDA, and serum CRP were decreased significantly, while IL-10 , PGE2 and TAC were restored. Conclusion: The current research introduces red and white hibiscus as prebiotics-like agents because of their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, or tight junctions modulating activities.

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