Background: Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an anticancer drug utilized for treatment of many types of cancer. CP causes many side effects such as hepatotoxicity and mutagenicity. Garlic has long been used as a spice and food additive and is considered as one of the important medicinal plants. Garlic had medicinal importance as it has hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antihypertensive, and antihyperlipidemic properties. The purpose of the presented study is to investigate the protective role of aged black garlic against cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity and apoptosis. The present work was carried out by routine histological H&E stain, histochemical Feulgen stain for DNA, immunohistochemical stain Bcl-2 as apoptotic marker, comet assay, serum biochemical analysis for liver function markers (ALT, AST, albumin, and bilirubin), and hepatic oxidative stress markers (MDA, CAT, SOD, and GPx). Results: Cyclophosphamide induced histological alteration as fatty degeneration, blood venous congestion, pyknosis, necrosis, and vaculations. CP caused a decrease of DNA content, an increase of Bcl-2 immunoreactivity, and increase of DNA damage. Biochemical investigations showed that CP induced significant elevation of ALT, AST, bilirubin, and hepatic MDA. Moreover, CP induced reduction of albumin and hepatic SOD, CAT, and GPx values. Aged black garlic induced significant improvement of alterations induced by CP, when compared with CP-treated group. Conclusion: Aged black garlic succeeded in protecting the liver from apoptosis and pathological alterations induced by CP.

Background: Gibberellic acid is an endogenous plant growth regulator, it has many toxic effects including testicular toxicity. Phoenix dactylifera L. (date palm) is widely used in traditional medicine as anticancer, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, gastrointestinal protective and antimicrobial agent. Aim: The present work aimed to clarify the impact of Phoenix dactylifera L. leave oil extract on testicular toxicity induced by gibberellic acid in albino rats. Materials and Methods: Five groups of rats were used. Group1: control, Group 2: corn oil group, Group 3: Phoenix dactylifera L. leaves oil extract group , Group 4: Gibberellic acid group .Group 5 : Phoenix dactylifera L. leaves oil extract and Gibberellic acid group. Histomorphometric, Histochemical, immunohistochemical and biochemical alterations were investigated in testicular tissue and serum. Results: Gibberellic acid induced histopathological alterations, significantly decreased the Johnsen score of spermatogenesis, and significantly decreased the germ cell proliferation index (PI). , significantly decrease the epithelial height and tubular diameter and total glycogen content. Immuohistochemically, Gibberellic acid significantly decreased PCNA and GULT-3, while α-SMA was significantly increased. Gibberellic acid decreased serum testosterone, progesterone and LH hormones and testicular antioxidants, and significantly increased testicular MDA. Treating rats with both Phoenix dactylifera L. leaves oil extract and Gibberellic acid ameliorated all histopathological morphometric, histochemical, immunohistochemical and biochemical alterations induced by Gibberellic acid. Conclusion: Phoenix dactylifera L. leaves oil extract could ameliorate the histopathological and toxicological alterations induced by Gibberellic acid.

Background:Reptiles have been suggested to be a suitable model for the histological and histochemical aspects even better than other used experimental mammals. Melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) are aggregations of macrophage-like cells and pigments including melanin, hemosiderin, and lipofuscin. MMCs found mainly in different tissues of nonmammalian vertebrates. MMCs are helpful biomarkers for a variety of stresses as environmental pollutants. Aim: This study was designed to elucidate the histological, morphometric, histochemical and immunohistochemical characterization of hepatic MMCs in three reptilian species; Uromastyx ornata (Ornate Dabb lizard), Uromastyx aegyptiaca (Egyptian Dabb lizard), and Varanus griseus (Desert Monitor lizard). Methods: Fifteen adult male reptilian animals were divided into; i. Five adult males Ornate Dabb lizard, ii. Five adult males Egyptian Dabb lizard, iii. Five adult males Desert Monitor lizard. Liver paraffin sections of all animals were processed and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin stain, Masson Trichrome stain for collagen fibres and Perl's Prussian Blue histochemical stain for hemosiderin pigments. Immunohistochemical demonstration of melanin pigments via HMB-45 and macrophage lineage via CD68 immunostains were applied. Histomorphometric assessments of MMCs were also performed. Results: Histomorphometric examinations revealed significant differences between the histomorphometric structures of MMCs among the experimented species. MMCs in Desert Monitor lizard were fewer in number and smaller in size; with decreased melanin pigment contents and macrophage lineages, and increased hemosiderin contents. Conclusion: The significant differences in MMCs among the three reptiles may indicate considerable differences between the immune system of the Desert Monitor lizard and each of the Ornate and Egyptian Dabb Lizards. turtles), Rhynchocephalia (tuatara) and Squamata (lizards, snakes and worm-lizards). Squamates are the largest reptile order and are subdivided into Lacertilia (lizards and amphisbaenians) and Ophidia (snakes) (Chang et al., 2009;and Rutland et al., 2019). With the exception of some snake species, which are legless, lizards are quadrupedal squamates. Lizards are frequently territorial and have a variety of predator defense mechanisms, including camouflage, venom, and reflex bleeding. Though some reptiles such as land tortoises, some turtles, and some lizards are herbivorous, the majority of reptiles are primarily carnivorous or insectivorous. However, compared to what is required for birds and mammals, the overall amount of food consumed by reptiles is modest (Zaher et al., 2012).Uromastyx aegyptiaca, also known as the Egyptian Dabb lizard or spiny-tailed lizard, is a species of lizard that belongs to the genus Uromastyx, family Agamidae, suborder Iguania, order Squamata, and class Reptilia. It is present across North Africa, particularly in Egypt. Being a purely herbivorous species, Uromastyx aegyptiaca is one of the very few lizard species to have this feeding habit...

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Aim: To evaluate the ability of red and white hibiscus (H) in improving the epithelial barrier in indomethacin-induced duodenal and colonic inflammation, compared with prebiotic and to investigate whether the red and/or white hibiscus can be used as natural prebiotic like agents. Methods: Histological, histomorphometric, histochemical demonstration for goblets cells and mucin intensity. Immunohistochemical demonstration of COX-2, and tight junctions (Claudin-1 and E-cadherin) were examined. Duodenal and colonic TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, PGE2, MPO, MDA, TAC, besides, serum CRP were evaluated. Results: Indomethacin induced inflammation and ulceration in the duodenum and colon, with significant depletion in goblet cell count and mucin intensity. COX-2 was increased while claudin-1 and E-cadherin were significantly diminished. Tissue TNF-α, IL-6, MPO, MDA, and serum CRP were elevated significantly by indomethacin, while IL-10, PGE2 and TAC were reduced. Co-treatment with red H, white H, or prebiotics plus indomethacin improved significantly duodenal and colonic histoarchitecture, tissue contents of PAS cells, mucin, claudin-1 and E-cadherin, while COX-2 reduced. TNF-α, IL-6, MPO, MDA, and serum CRP were decreased significantly, while IL-10 , PGE2 and TAC were restored. Conclusion: The current research introduces red and white hibiscus as prebiotics-like agents because of their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, or tight junctions modulating activities.

T HE aquatic environment is particularly suffered from the various contaminants due to industry, urbanization and agriculture activities. The present study was carried out to study histological structural of liver in the freshwater fish, Oreochromisniloticus, which collected from different localities and exposed to different pollutants. Histological, histochemical, and Immunohistochemical alterations were examined in liver .Samples from El-Riah El-Menoufy and downstream of El-Rahawy area, indicated that, the Last one is more suffered from many histopathological changes than those collected from El-Qanater El-Khyria.As well as, a decrease in carbohydrates distribution, an elevation of different types of fiber and a strong caspase-3 expression are detected. The histopathological damages were related to the discharge of water loaded with sewage in El-Riah El-Menoufy and El-Rahawy drain, which consequently may affect fish and human health. The present study also investigated the concentrations of some heavy metals in river water (iron, copper, zinc and cadmium) and their effects on Nile Tilapia obtained from the same investigate sites. Accordingly, there is a necessity to treat the sewage effluents before discharging to the Rosetta branch.

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