BackgroundPlatelet rich plasma (PRP) therapy is widely used in enhancing the recovery of skeletal muscle from injury. However, the impact of intramuscular delivery of PRP on hematologic and biochemical responses has not been fully elucidated in exercise-induced muscle damage. The purpose of this investigation the effects of intramuscular delivery of PRP on hematologic and biochemical responses and recovery strategy muscle damage induced by high intensity muscle exercise (exercise-induced muscle damage, EIMD).MethodsModerately active male volunteers participated in this study and were assigned to a control group (control, n = 6) and PRP administration group (PRP, n = 6). The subjects performed exercise with a load of 80% one repetition maximum (1RM) maximal voluntary contraction of the elbow flexors until point of exhaustion of the non-dominant arm was reached. The arms were treated with saline or autologous PRP post-24 h EIMD. Venous blood samples were obtained in the morning to establish a baseline value and 1–4 days post-exercise and were analyzed for serum ferritin, iron, iron binding capacity (IBC), creatinine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT).ResultsThe baseline levels of plasma iron, ferritin, IBC, CK, LDH, AST, and ALT were similar in both the control and PRP groups. However, 24-h following exercise a significant increase in these parameters was observed in both groups between 1 and 4 days during the recovery period. Interestingly, PRP administration decreased plasma iron levels compared to the control on the second day post-exercise. Plasma IBC increased in PRP group from Days 2 to 4 post-exercise compared to the control group whilst PRP administration had no effect on plasma ferritin, CK, AST, ALT, or LDH.ConclusionAcute exhaustive exercise increased muscle damage markers, including plasma iron, IBC, and ferritin levels, indicating muscle damage induced by exercise. PRP administration improves inflammation by reversing the increase in the iron levels post-exercise without displaying any myotoxicity and may have a role to play in the recovery of exercise-induced muscle damage.

ÖZETBu çalışma, akut fiziksel aktivitenin, antioksidan sistem parametreleri üzerine olan etkisinin incelenmesi amacıyla planlanmıştır. Bunun için araştırmaya 14-17 yaşları arasında Altay spor kulübünde düzenli antrenman yapan gönüllü 18 sporcu katılmıştır. Futbolcuların ilk gün antropometrik ölçümleri alınmış üç gün dinlendirildikten sonra 45'er dakikalık iki devreli maç yaptırılmıştır. Antioksidan sistem parametrelerinden SOD (Süperoksiddismutaz), CAT (Katalaz); lipid peroksidasyon sonucu oluşan MDA (Malondialdehid), E vitamini aktiviteleri ve hemogram değerleri egzersiz öncesi ve egzersiz sonrası alınan kan örneklerinden incelenmiştir.Futbolcuların % yağ oranı 10.9 ± 2.9, indirekt maxVO 2 değerleri 53.12 ± 9.88 ml./kg./ dk. olarak tespit edilmiştir. Eritrosit, hemoglobin, Hematokrit, MCV düzeyinde egzersiz öncesine göre artış bulunmuştur. Bu artış istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır (p<0.05). Lökosit düzeyi artmış olmasına rağmen istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildir (p >0.05 ).Akut egzersiz sonrasında istirahat durumuna göre SOD enzim aktivitesinde artış gözlenmiştir ve bu artış istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır (p<0.05). CAT enzim aktivitesinde ise dinlenme durumuna göre normal sınırlar içinde artış gözlenmiştir ancak bu artış istatistiksel anlamlı değildir (p>0.05). Bu çalışmada akut egzersiz sonrasında MDA düzeyinde azalma meydana gelmiştir. Bu azalma istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur (p<0.05). MDA düzeylerinde saptanan düşüklük, antrenmanla antioksidan savunma sistemin güçlenmesi sonucunda serbest radikalleri ve buna bağlı olarak lipid peroksidasyonunu azalttığını düşündürmüştür. E vitamini düzeyinde akut egzersiz sonrasında ise dinlenme durumuna göre normal sınırlar içinde artış gözlenmiş, ancak bu artış istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildir (p>0.05).Bu sonuçlar aerobik antrenmanın oksidatif strese adaptasyon yeteneğini geliştirdiğini ve bunun da lipid peroksidasyon düzeylerini azalttığını gösterebilir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Antioksidan Sistem, Lipid Peroksidasyon, Akut Egzersiz, Futbol. THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE EXERCISE ON THE PARAMETERS OF ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM IN FOOTBALL PLAYERS ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to investigate the effects of acute physical activity on antioxidant stress parameters including SOD (superoxide dismutase), and CAT (catalase) activities, the amount of MDA (malondialdehyde) and vitamin E and the hemogram values of football players. The research was performed on 18 football players (aged 14-17 years) of Altay football club in Turkey. Measurements were taken before and after a 90 min. football match and results compared.The maximum VO 2 (ml/kg/min) and average fat mass (%) of players was 53.12 +/-9.88 and 10.9 +/-2.9. Significant increases in the levels of erythrocyt, hemoglobin, hematocrit and MCV were observed after acute exercise as compared to their levels before exercise, but leukocyt level did not change significantly.Acute exercise significantly increased SOD activity but did not change CAT activity significantly (p<0.05). The MDA level declined significantly after acute e...

Abstract:The aim of this study was to determine the anthropometric profiles of young male and female swimmers and to investigate the contribution of anthropometric characteristics to two determinants of swimming performance: critical velocity and estimated propulsive force. The study sample consisted of 25 female (age: 12.0 ± 0.9 years, height: 152.2 ± 8.3 cm, body mass: 42.0 ± 7.8 kg) and 25 male (age: 12.4 ± 1.2 years, height: 154.7 ± 11.3 cm, body mass: 49.1 ± 12.0 kg) swimmers. The swimmers were grouped in gender categories. For this study, the anthropometry was divided into 3 categories: length (cm), breadth (cm), and girth (cm) measurements. The critical velocity was estimated from 200-m and 400-m freestyle swimming performance. The estimated propulsive force was calculated using arm muscle area. Statistically significant correlation coefficients (ranging from 0.34 to 0.66) were found between the anthropometric characteristics (19 characteristics) and critical velocity for the female swimmers. Regarding swimming performance determinants, the highest correlations were between the hip girth and critical velocity (r = 0.66; p < 0.05) and between the flexed arm and estimated propulsive force (r = 0.87; p < 0.05). For the male swimmers, the highest correlations were between the transverse chest and critical velocity (r = 0.81; p < 0.05) and between the thoracic girth and estimated propulsive force (r = 0.90; p < 0.05). The somatotype analysis showed that the female swimmers were of the ectomesomorph type, and the male swimmers were of the endo-mesomorph type. The skinfold, length, girth and breadth could be used as predictors of critical velocity and estimated propulsive force in young swimmers. This study could help swimming coaches attain objective knowledge about the swimming performance of their athletes after basic anthropometric measurements and help them to benefit from this knowledge while monitoring the athletes' developmental process.

Purpose: Female athlete triad (FAT) is a serious healthcare concern in the young female population. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of FAT and its relationship with gynecologic complaints of young Turkish female athletes. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey and included 87 female athletes involved in a variety of sports as a case group and 85 sedentary female university students from Ege and Celal Bayar Universities. All subjects completed a questionnaire consisting of 32 separate questions assessing eating behavior, menstrual status, gynecologic and systemic complaints, psychological problems, and sexual history. SPSS 21.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: This survey involved 172 females in between to 30 years of age. The age of menarche was found to be significantly lower in the sedentary group (p = 0.00). Late menstruation and oligo-amenorrhea were notable complaints among the athletes, and body mass index (BMI) was found to be statistically lower in the athletic group (p = 0.00). Cold hands and hair loss were seen more often in the sedentary group compared to the athletic group (p < 0.05). According to a logistic regression analysis, independent variables (BMI, menstrual status, and bone fractures) were found to be statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Excessive sports activity can be hazardous in young female population. Lower BMI might be related to menstrual irregularity. Young female population should be informed about this relationship, especially athletes who are particularly at risk. Certain precautions should be taken into consideration in this population in order to get benefits of sports activity.

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