Background and Purpose Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, with ischemic stroke as the highest prevalent cases in Indonesia. Ischemic stroke can be classified further into five subtypes according to TOAST classification. Numerous studies have revealed that stroke risk factor has variable correlation with different stroke subtype. Currently, there is no data regarding this phenomenon in Indonesia. The aim of study is to identify characteristic of ischemic stroke subtypes and the risk factors in TOAST classification. Methods A retrospective, cross-sectional study of patients diagnosed with ischemic stroke at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from January till December 2016. Demographic data, ischemic stroke subtypes, risk factors, and other relevant data were documented. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was done using SPSS 23. Results 235 recorded data patients were included. Large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) was the most prevalent stroke subtypes at 59,6%, followed with small vessel disease (SVD) at 26,7%, undetermined etiology at 9,8%, cardioembolism (CE) at 2,1%, and other determined etiology at 0,9%. Hypertension was the most common vascular risk factor. However, it was only significant in SVD (p=0,023) and undetermined etiology subtypes (p<0,001). Significant risk factor in LAA was diabetes (55%; p=0,016) while in CE subtypes was atrial fibrillation (60%;p<0,001). In multivariate analyses, hypertension (OR 3; 95% CI 1,12-8,05) was the only variable that was related to SVD while in CE it was atrial fibrillation (OR 113,5; 95% CI 13,6-946,5). Conclusion LAA was the most common stroke ischemic subtypes. Associated risk factor in LAA was diabetes while in SVD and undetermined etiology subtypes it was hypertension. Atrial fibrillation was associated with cardioembolism.

Background and Purpose:Stroke is the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in Indonesia. Lacunar infarction is one of cerebral small vessel disease spectrum. This study aimed to present stroke epidemiology in Indonesia and risk factors associated with cerebral small vessel disease.Methods:A multicenter prospective cross-sectional study of 18 hospitals in Indonesia was conducted using Stroke Case Report Form from 2012 to 2014. Stroke was diagnosed based on clinical findings confirmed with non-contrast computed tomography of the brain. Subjects were classified into two large groups: ischemic (lacunar and non-lacunar) and hemorrhagic (intracranial and subarachnoid hemorrhage). Other risk factors were assessed on admission.Results:We enrolled 5411 patients, of whom 3627 (67.03%) had ischemic stroke and 1784 (32.97%) had hemorrhagic stroke. Male patients were prevalent in both large groups, although found less in subarachnoid hemorrhage group. Among patients with hemorrhagic stroke, 1603 (89.54%) of them had intracerebral hemorrhage and 181 (10.46%) had subarachnoid hemorrhage. From 3627 ischemic stroke patients, 1635 (45.07%) of them had lacunar infarction. We found that age above 55 years old, male gender, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes were important risk factors associated with lacunar stroke (p < 0.05).Conclusion:Ischemic stroke was the leading cause of stroke in Indonesia. In total, 45% of the total ischemic stroke patients had lacunar infarction. Important risk factors associated with lacunar infarction were hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, age over 55, and male population.

Background: To assess the role of risk factors of metabolic syndrome on blood viscosity and the prognosis of acute ischemic stroke in Indonesia based on the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Methods: This study included 135 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Patients underwent measurements of viscosity and risk factor assessment. Analysis was performed to assess the role of these risk factors for blood viscosity and outcomes of acute ischemic stroke with NIHSS and mRS as indicators. NIHSS was assessed at <3 days after onset and 7 days after onset, while mRS was assessed 1 month post treatment. Bivariate analysis was performed using chi-square test, and variables with p < 0.25 were further analyzed in multivariate analysis using logistic regression. Results: Factors affecting blood viscosity are fibrinogen, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and hematocrit. Factors affecting NIHSS and mRS are fibrinogen and LDL. Conclusion: Fibrinogen and LDL affect the viscosity of blood and outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients, so it is necessary to treat in the primary and secondary prevention of ischemic stroke.

Background: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. Indonesia had reported a 2.8% of mortality rate up to June 2021. A strategy to control the virus spreading is by vaccination. The Indonesian Food and Drug Monitoring Agency had approved the use of CoronaVac, an inactivated virus vaccine developed by Sinovac. Most adverse events following immunization (AEFI) for CoronaVac are mild, and the most common symptoms are injection-site pain, headache, and fatigue. Neurovascular adverse events, including thrombosis or ischaemic stroke after receiving CoronaVac have not previously been reported. Correspondingly, we reported three patients with an Acute Ischaemic Stroke (AIS) after the administration of CoronaVac in our hospital.

This paper was concerned with terminology of the social sciences and humanities in Indonesian scientific papers. Using electronic corpora built from the collection of texts on legal science and administrative science in Universitas Indonesia, the aims of the study was to illustrate how to integrate corpus linguistic method with the communicative theory of terminology (CTT) to examine terminology. Three procedures of corpus analysis were applied to assist in identifying two of the areas that terminological units must fulfil, i.e. the linguistic component and the cognitive component. The keyword and word clusters analysis were used to extract multi-word terms while the collocation analysis was used to derive the most significant sense categories of terms. Using corpus software, vis. WordSmith Tools, the corpus analysis presents some of the results showing that the linguistic component of terminological units can be traced through the technique of keyword and word clusters. In Addition, the cognitive component of terminological units was possible to investigate through the concept of semantic preference, one of the key concepts in corpus linguistics built from the analysis of collocation. Therefore, it can be concluded that a corpus-based approach to study terminology is considered to offer several benefits, especially to the activity concerned with the compilation, description, processing and presenting terms in a more reliable and efficient way. It may also provide an alternative method for creating glossary and for translators to resolve terminological problems.

Stroke is the leading cause of death and disability in the world as well as in Indonesia. Initial stroke severity is an important factor that affects short- and long-term stroke outcomes. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from July 2017 to January 2018 to investigate the factors that affect stroke severity. A total of 77 acute ischemic stroke patients were divided into three groups, which include low blood homocysteine levels (< 9 μmol/L), moderate blood homocysteine levels (9–15 μmol/L), and high blood homocysteine levels (> 15 μmol/L). The acquired data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis test and a significant difference of initial National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and blood homocysteine levels (H = 13.328, p = 0.001) were seen, with a mean rank of 25.86 for low blood homocysteine levels, 33.69 for moderate blood homocysteine levels, and 48.94 for high blood homocysteine levels. The patients were then divided into two groups based on the NIHSS (≤5 and > 5) to calculate the risk correlation of blood homocysteine levels and NIHSS by using regression. We found that patients with high blood homocysteine levels had 14.4 times higher risk of having NIHSS > 5 compared with those with low blood homocysteine levels (p = 0.002, 95% confidence interval [CI] [2.714–76.407]), and 3.9 times higher risk compared with those with moderate blood homocysteine levels (p = 0.011, 95% CI [1.371–11.246]). We concluded that homocysteine is a risk factor for a higher stroke severity. Future studies to evaluate the usefulness of homocysteine-lowering therapy in stroke patients are recommended.

Background: Patients prefer treatments that are safe, curative and cheap. Integrative medicine (IM) gathers the best of modern medicine and other types of human medicine e.g. prophetic medicine and others. College of Medicine at Taibah University (CMTU, Saudi Arabia) is the first pioneering medical school in Saudi Arabia and the Middle East in introducing IM education. Patients' needs to IM increase in case of treatment failure e.g. cancer patients who can't afford chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Unfortunately, lack of teaching IM at medical schools deprives both physicians and patients from many therapeutic benefits e.g. Al-hijamah (wet cupping therapy of prophetic medicine), nigella sativa and others depriving. Objectives: to investigate medical students' satisfaction with IM medical education for better health benefits. Design: A prospective cross-sectional study.

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan memperlihatkan perbedaan antara penulis perempuan dan penulis laki-laki dalam penggunaan bahasa Indonesia. Metode penelitian kualitatif yang khas linguistik digunakan untuk menganalisis data kalimat dan kata yang diperoleh dari korpus berbentuk tulisan dari media massa dan karya ilmiah. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa perempuan dan laki-laki menggunakan bahasa Indonesia secara berbeda baik dalam pembentukan kalimat maupun dalam pilihan konjungsi. Temuan itu memperlihatkan bahwa penutur perempuan dan penutur laki-laki menggunakan bahasa yang berbeda karena pengasuhan yang menyosialisasikan kedudukan dan peran setiap jenis kelamin yang berbeda. AbstractThe research aims to describe the differences of language use in the women and men writing. It used the linguistic specific way of collecting and analyzing data from a corpus of Indonesian articles published in the mass media and academic works. The results show that women author used the different Indonesian from men author in syntaxe and choice of conjunctions. These differences are due the way women author and men author were brought up: nurturing the position and the role of each sex.