Extracellular tissue fluids are interesting biomatrices that have recently attracted scientists' interest. Many significant biomarkers for localized external organ diseases have been isolated from this biofluid. In the diagnostic and disease monitoring context, measuring biochemical entities from the fluids surrounding the diseased tissues may give more important clinical value than measuring them at a systemic level. Despite all these facts, pushing tissue fluid-based diagnosis and monitoring forward to clinical settings faces one major problem: its accessibility. Most extracellular tissue fluid, such as interstitial fluid (ISF), is abundant but hard to collect, and the currently available technologies are invasive and expensive. This is where novel microneedle technology can help tackle this significant obstacle. The ability of microneedle technology to minimally invasively access tissue fluid-containing biomarkers will enable ISF and other tissue fluid utilization in the clinical diagnosis and monitoring of localized diseases. This review attempts to present the current pursuit of the application of microneedle systems as a diagnostic and monitoring platform, along with the recent progress of biomarker detection in diagnosing and monitoring localized external organ diseases. Then, the potential use of various microneedles in future clinical diagnostics and monitoring of localized diseases is discussed by presenting the currently studied cases.

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Seaweed is one of resourceful plants in Indonesia. Some researchers suggested that brown seaweed has a potential to be an anti-inflammatory agent because it contains polysaccharide sulfate, PUFA, and fuchosantin. Punaga Village that is located in South Sulawesi is an area where most people work as seaweed farmer and cultivation of seaweed. This is why researcher found it interest to use natural sources as an alternative of herbal medicine especially as an anti-inflammatory. The objective of this study was to evaluate the difference of anti-inflammatory effect of brown algae extract Padina sp. and Sargassum sp. that is derived from Punaga Beach, South Sulawesi toward mice. Twenty male mice were used as sample in this study weighing 14-35 g and divided into four groups. Thirty minutes after injection of test material, 0.5 ml pepton 1% is injected into mice leg. The assessment of mice leg use plethysmometer that is taken on the first hour until fourth hour after injection of pepton 1%. Data analysis use T-test to find out the difference of anti-inflamatory effect of brown algae extract Padina sp. and Sargassum sp. The result of this study showed that brown algae extract Padina sp has p<0.05 and brown algae extract Sargassum sp. has p< 0.05 which means that there are anti-inflammatory effect found in both test materials. It is found that brown algae extract Padina sp.has longer anti inflammatory effect half time than in brown algae extract Sargassum sp.

The aim of this study was to determine the comparison of blood clam (anadara granosa) shell paste, shrimp (litopenaeus vannamei) shell paste and casein phosphopeptideamorphus calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) paste as teeth remineralization material. Material and Methods: This study was an experimental laboratory with cross sectional design. Study sample was 15 maxillary central incisors that were applied with 35% hydrogen peroxide for 2 hours, then assessed with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Samples were divided into 3 groups: 5 samples were applied using blood clam (anadara granosa) shell paste, 5 samples using shrimp shell paste and 5 samples were applied using CPP-ACP paste every 8 hours for 14 consecutive days then checked with EDS. Data analysis using SPSS test independent t-test to see comparison of blood clam (anadara granosa) shell paste, shrimp (litopenaeus vannamei) shell paste and casein phosphopeptide-amorphus calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) paste as teeth remineralization material. Results: The result of this study showed P> 0.05 which means there was no significant difference between blood clam shell paste, shrimp shell paste and CPP-ACP mineral composition. Conclusion: Blood clam shell paste and shrimp shell paste has an effective value to be used as tooth remineralization material.

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This study aimed to assess the association of salivary pH, dental caries, and body mass index (BMI) in middle school students in Eastern Makassar. Material and Methods: This study included 60 middle school students from two schools in eastern Makassar. Data were collected by filling out a questionnaire, weight and height measurement, dental examination and saliva collection. Body mass index was calculated by dividing weight and height in kg/m 2 , saliva was collected by draining method, and salivary pH was measured with Saliva-Check Buffer (GC Japan). Decay Missing Filled-Teeth (DMF-T) indexes are used to assess dental caries. Statistical analysis was performed by chi-square and ANOVA with a significance of 0.05.Filled-Teeth (DMF-T) indexes are used to assess dental caries. Results: This study showed that overweight and obesity are more prevalent in female students than male students. Salivary pH in underweight students and overweight and obese students were lower compared to normal BMI students, while DMFT score in underweight, overweight and obese students was higher than the normal BMI students. Conclusion: It can be concluded that body mass index (BMI) have a significant association with salivary pH and DMFT score.

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