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Horizontal gene transfer has contributed to shape the gene repertory of H. valdiviensis, which codes for virulence factors conserved in other pathogens that are well-known human pathogens. Additionally, the detection of H. valdiviensisDNA in diarrheic patients supports its role as a potential emergent intestinal pathogen. Further, sampling efforts are needed to uncover the clinical relevance of this species, which should be accomplished by the isolation of H. valdiviensis from ill humans and the obtention of whole genomes from clinical isolates.

The incidence of accidents caused by the ingestion of caustic substances can only be reduced by broad-based preventive strategies, including enforcement of safe manufacturing practices and public education programmes. Most importantly, the containers for caustic household products should be cheap, small and childproof.

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Prior detection of patent vaginal process by inguinal herniography permits identification of a significant subset of patients for whom hormone treatment will be ineffective. Our data suggest that this predictive procedure is 100% reliable.

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